龙到底长啥样?|话龘事儿④
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">封面<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>记者 文康林</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">之前我在《龙<span style="color: black;">到底</span>是一种什么生物?》一篇中讲过龙的原型,这一篇<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>将来<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span>龙到底长啥样。</p><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-axegupay5k/b79423f966524f089326552ca7c09901~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728670551&x-signature=Dqm17lW6HzErFd%2FtO1236w7azxY%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">龙形象图案。<span style="color: black;">照片</span>拍摄自四川博物院“龙行中华”贺岁特展</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">龙有“九似”</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">五代南唐画家董羽<span style="color: black;">善于</span>画龙,<span style="color: black;">表率</span>作品有《腾云出波龙图》《踊雾戏水龙图》《穿山龙图》《战沙龙图》等,著有《画龙辑议》。该书中对龙的形象提出了“九似”之说:角似鹿、头似牛、眼似虾、嘴似驴、腹似蛇、鳞似鱼、足似凤、须似人、耳似象。<span style="color: black;">通常</span>认为,鹿角<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>长寿,牛耳寓意魁首,凤爪<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>勇武,鱼鳞蛇身则象征着生生不息。董羽的画龙法则<span style="color: black;">亦</span>被后世画家遵循。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">南宋罗愿《尔雅翼》中有专门“释龙”的篇章,与董羽“九似”之说略有差异:角似鹿,头似驼,眼似兔,项似蛇,腹似蜃,鳞似鲤,爪似鹰,掌似虎,耳似牛。他认为龙头像骆驼头而不是牛头,龙眼像兔眼而不是虾眼,龙耳像牛耳而不是象耳,龙腹部的横条纹像大蛤贝壳上的条纹,龙爪像鹰爪而不是凤爪,毕竟鹰是<span style="color: black;">大众</span>见过的,而谁<span style="color: black;">亦</span>没见过凤。罗愿的“九似说”<span style="color: black;">无</span>讲到龙嘴和龙须像什么,而龙的项部和掌部是董羽的“九似说”<span style="color: black;">无</span>的,罗愿认为,龙的脖子像蛇,龙掌像虎掌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">《尔雅翼》中还讲到了龙头顶上的冠状物,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>龙“头上有物如博山,名曰尺木。龙无尺木<span style="color: black;">不可</span>升天”。又说龙有不可触碰的逆鳞长在喉下:“龙之喉下有逆鳞一尺,而不可撄<span style="color: black;">亦</span>。”看来龙是怕被割喉。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">东汉王充<span style="color: black;">说到</span>过龙的尾部,像蛇,<span style="color: black;">不外</span>他认为龙头不像牛头<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不像骆驼头,而是像马头。《论衡》记载:“世俗画龙之象,马首蛇尾。”</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">李时珍《本草纲目》中<span style="color: black;">说到</span>了龙须和龙的下巴,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“口旁有须髯,颔下有明珠”。《本草纲目》还说龙之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>叫龙,是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>龙的耳朵比较聋。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>常听说,眼盲的人耳灵,耳聋的人眼尖。北宋陆佃在《埤雅》“释龙”中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>引用俗语<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>,“龙精于目,盖龙聋故精于目<span style="color: black;">亦</span>”。画龙点睛,龙的眼睛有神,古语说“骊龙之眸,见百里纤芥”,龙眼视力超常,原来是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>耳聋。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">南宋洪巽《旸谷漫录》<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“龙五指”,<span style="color: black;">不外</span>从文物上的龙形象看,历史上三爪龙、四爪龙、五爪龙都曾流行过,例如从魏晋到隋唐时期三趾龙很流行,宋明时期比较流行四爪龙,在等级制度最为森严的明清两朝,五爪龙<span style="color: black;">作为</span>皇家专用,四爪龙被降级为蟒,俗<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“五爪为龙,四爪为蟒”<span style="color: black;">亦</span>并非绝对的规矩。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">龙形象的变化</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">龙<span style="color: black;">亦</span>分<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>类,有的有鳞甲,有的有翅膀,有的有角,有的没角。《孔子家语》<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“甲虫三百有六十,而龙为之长”,东汉许慎《说文解字》<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“龙,鳞虫之长”,都说明龙身上是有鳞甲的。《广雅》<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>:“有鳞曰蛟龙,有翼曰应龙,有角曰虬龙,无角曰螭龙,未升天曰蟠龙。”还有一条腿的为夔龙,生活在海中、下半身长满逆鳞的为蜃龙,人脸蛇身、目光如炬的是烛龙。《埤雅》<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“龙<span style="color: black;">也</span>卵生”,龙在生长<span style="color: black;">生长</span>中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会变化形态,没角的<span style="color: black;">能够</span>长出角,没翅膀的<span style="color: black;">能够</span>长出翅膀,如《述异记》<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>:“蛟千年化为龙,龙五百年化为角龙,千年化为应龙。”</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">古代文献中记载的龙形态不一,流传下来的雕刻、绘画、器物、服饰等上面的龙纹,其中变化有非常<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的历史分期,<span style="color: black;">表现</span>了中华文明的创新和活力。</p><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-tjoges91tu/81d9bda935fbcc878a36a8934d833a3b~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728670551&x-signature=yQLZeKKSQRk7dwJqgXKHaOHHtBQ%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">三星堆出土青铜龙形配件。<span style="color: black;">照片</span>拍摄自四川博物院“龙行中华”贺岁特展</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">如史前龙纹稚拙多样,<span style="color: black;">显示</span>文明初期带有的原始形态。商周时期龙纹<span style="color: black;">奥秘</span>狞厉,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>了卷曲的蟠龙、蜿蜒游动的夔龙、躯干缠绕的交龙等<span style="color: black;">区别</span>种类,且多出<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>祭祀用的青铜器上,<span style="color: black;">表现</span>出王权的神性和威严。</p><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-tjoges91tu/694fc984c74f1b3d7d808800940897f2~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728670551&x-signature=g8W4Rj6pNy0XnoFOdvyFU2sUcIc%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">汉代龙虎形象。<span style="color: black;">照片</span>拍摄自四川博物院“龙行中华”贺岁特展</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">秦汉之后,龙纹粗犷雄健,<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>定型,显然是受到中国大一统格局的影响,<span style="color: black;">此时</span>的龙趋于走兽,似虎似马,躯体较短,颈部较长,尾巴较细,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>受秦皇汉武渴求长生、民间羽化升仙思想影响,还<span style="color: black;">显现</span>了长有羽翼、坐骑升天的龙形象。</p><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-tjoges91tu/153e20f4e2bc252ed8b48b5d81d226c7~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728670551&x-signature=hTFFX7jcO7RoA%2FOyHIKau63NFDg%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">唐代鎏金走龙。<span style="color: black;">照片</span>拍摄自四川博物院“龙行中华”贺岁特展</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">魏晋隋唐时期龙纹雍容华贵、刚柔并存,龙形器具更<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>实用功能,龙的角分出了枝杈,“龙珠” 图案<span style="color: black;">起始</span>盛行,此时期的龙形象,须发飘逸、鳞片整齐细密、体态矫健有力、眼睛有神、双角如鹿、爪呈三趾、尾似虎尾,呈现出刚柔并济的<span style="color: black;">特殊</span>。</p><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-tjoges91tu/1da5eb30e96178684fd83426c500e52d~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728670551&x-signature=WZD5QxWeidxZG6d7y3MYu%2BUejsg%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">宋代石刻中的龙形象。<span style="color: black;">照片</span>拍摄自四川博物院“龙行中华”贺岁特展</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">宋元时期龙纹飘逸洒脱,兽首、蛇身、有须有爪、背鳍和尾巴如飘带、整体呈S形弯曲的中国龙形象<span style="color: black;">已然</span>完善,并<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>精细化、模式化。</p><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-tjoges91tu/a330fe5bb6fd6def513490667eb6b95f~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1728670551&x-signature=C2OwBLw4fcj5SOcazurr%2FwSI7Gs%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">光绪款黄地粉彩云龙纹盖豆。<span style="color: black;">照片</span>拍摄自四川博物院“龙行中华”贺岁特展</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">明清时期龙纹精致庄严,有些<span style="color: black;">亦</span>显现出老态龙钟,<span style="color: black;">此时</span>期等级制登峰造极,龙<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">作为</span>皇权显贵的专属象征。明代比较流行四爪龙,龙角从脑后生出且相对较短,龙吻像鳄鱼,细颈,大鼻,长眉,长须,长髯,长鬣,火焰肩,有肘毛,背毛至尾,体型长且粗壮,威武生猛。清代龙纹<span style="color: black;">通常</span>多为四爪<span style="color: black;">或</span>五爪,龙角粗壮如松枝,下颌长满胡须,<span style="color: black;">显出</span>更苍老。明清两朝,龙纹样式丰富多样,技法应有尽有,但模式化下的创新和活力渐渐丧失。</p>
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