初期前列腺癌能够根治!治疗有这4种办法
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">近年来,我国前列腺癌的发病率呈<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">提升</span>趋势,而五年<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率的增长却相对缓慢。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>我国未能很好推行前列腺癌的筛查策略,前列腺癌<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>时<span style="color: black;">常常</span>到了中晚期,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的五年<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率仅为69.2%,每年<span style="color: black;">提高</span>仅3.7%。而推行较好的国家,如日本,前列腺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的5年<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率已达93.0%,平均每年<span style="color: black;">提高</span>约11.7%。面对这个<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>一方面要<span style="color: black;">加强</span>前列腺癌<span style="color: black;">初期</span>筛查的<span style="color: black;">认识</span>,另一方面,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>要积极进行治疗,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>前列腺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的治疗效果和<span style="color: black;">存活</span>期。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">前列腺癌的严重程度<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>划分?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">前列腺癌的严重程度,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用分级和分期<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>。分级:临床常用的分级<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为Gleason评分。Gleason是美国一位病理医师的名字,他<span style="color: black;">根据</span>前列腺肿瘤的结构类型,把前列腺癌从轻到重划分为1-5级。有些前列腺癌<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>一种结构类型,而有些常常在一种<span style="color: black;">重点</span>的结构类型之外,还有一种次要结构类型。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,Gleason<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>又发明了Gleason评分系统,以2-10分为范围进行<span style="color: black;">评定</span>,以此来反应前列腺癌的危险性。Gleason评分=<span style="color: black;">重点</span>结构类型分级+次要结构类型分级。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">分数越高,恶性程度越高。Gleason评分<7分为低危,肿瘤相对偏良性;7分为中危,肿瘤为中等度,是大部分前列腺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的分数;Gleason评分>7分则为高危,提示肿瘤恶性程度较高。分期:临床常用TNM分期。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">T(Tumor)<span style="color: black;">表率</span>肿瘤,N(Node)<span style="color: black;">表率</span>淋巴结转移,M(Metastasis)<span style="color: black;">表率</span>远处转移,以此反应肿瘤在<span style="color: black;">身体</span>的<span style="color: black;">体积</span>、位置、与<span style="color: black;">周边</span>侵犯的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>、淋巴结转移的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>、其他脏器转移的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>等。T分期,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>肿瘤分期,大致<span style="color: black;">能够</span>分为四期。T1:偶发肿瘤。病人<span style="color: black;">没</span>症状,查体<span style="color: black;">没</span>恙,只是在切除组织中或做穿刺时偶然<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>;T2:局限性肿瘤。肿瘤局限在前列腺;T3:肿瘤侵犯包膜外或精囊,但未固定,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>未侵犯邻近结构;T4:肿瘤固定。可侵犯除精囊外的其他邻近组织结构,如外括约肌、直肠、膀胱等。N分期<span style="color: black;">重点</span>分为N0和N1,N0<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>未<span style="color: black;">出现</span>淋巴结转移,N1<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>有淋巴结转移。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">M分期<span style="color: black;">重点</span>分为M0和M1,M0<span style="color: black;">暗示</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>远处转移,M1为有远处转移,如骨转移等。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">前列腺癌<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>症状,随着肿瘤增大,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>挤压了尿道(尿道会在前列腺中经过),可能会出现排尿困难、腹部的下坠感;<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>肿瘤破裂<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,还能会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>血尿。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肿瘤<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>转移,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>骨转移,就会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>骨痛、肩膀痛、胯部<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>等症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">前列腺癌<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>治疗?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">前列腺癌<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>早<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>、早手术,治愈率非常高,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>达到根治。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">但遗憾的是,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>前列腺癌<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>症状,再加上国内<span style="color: black;">日前</span>筛查<span style="color: black;">认识</span>淡薄,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>一经<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>就<span style="color: black;">已然</span>是中晚期,<span style="color: black;">此时</span>治疗,<span style="color: black;">损伤</span><span style="color: black;">很强</span>且容易复发。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>积极进行放疗、化疗、内分泌治疗等,大部分的病人还是能得到较好的疗效。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>和治疗再晚<span style="color: black;">有些</span>,癌细胞<span style="color: black;">出现</span>转移,预后就较差了。<span style="color: black;">那样</span>,前列腺癌<span style="color: black;">详细</span>应该<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>治疗呢?① 观察与<span style="color: black;">定时</span>复诊</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">并不是所有的前列腺癌都要手术,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是低危(Gleason评分<7)的前列腺癌,可以暂时不做手术,先进行观察和<span style="color: black;">定时</span>复查。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">② 根治性前列腺癌切除术</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这种手术<span style="color: black;">办法</span>多适用于TNM分期中T2期(局限在前列腺内)的前列腺癌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">因为</span>技术的发展,T3期(肿瘤侵犯包膜外或精囊)<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>进行手术治疗,<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>在手术前先进行内分泌治疗,效果会更好。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>前列腺癌一经<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,很容易转移到精囊,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>进行手术,<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>会把前列腺、精囊和输精管壶腹部<span style="color: black;">一块</span>切除,从而避免复发,达到根治效果。③ 内分泌治疗——前列腺癌去势治疗去势治疗,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>应用于中危(Gleason评分=7)的前列腺癌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">因前列腺肿瘤的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>和发展与雄激素<span style="color: black;">相关</span>,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>能减少雄激素的分泌,前列腺肿瘤就会缩小,从而达到治疗效果。临床上,前列腺癌去势治疗的方式有两种——手术去势治疗和<span style="color: black;">药品</span>去势治疗。手术去势治疗,<span style="color: black;">便是</span>切除雄激素的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>睾丸,达到减少雄激素分泌、缩小肿瘤的效果。<span style="color: black;">药品</span>去势治疗,<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>注射的方式<span style="color: black;">控制</span>睾丸产生雄性激素,<span style="color: black;">或</span>应用阻止雄性激素与受体结合的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,使雄性激素即使产生<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>法发挥<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,从而缩小肿瘤。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">临床上<span style="color: black;">能够</span>应用的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>有黄体生成素释放激素类似物,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>亮丙瑞林、戈舍瑞林、曲普瑞林等;还有促性腺激素释放激素拮抗剂,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>地加瑞克等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">④ 放疗、化疗<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用于手术的辅助治疗和复发后的治疗。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另一</span>,前列腺癌去势治疗与放疗联合,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是高危或极高危(Gleason评分>7)前列腺癌的一种有效的、<span style="color: black;">重点</span>的治疗手段。</p>
<h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">前列腺癌术后<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>什么?</h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>前列腺的结构和功能,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>要<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>这几点:①男性的部分尿道会在前列腺正中穿过;②前列腺是一个生殖器官,所分泌的前列腺液,是精液的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">构成</span>部分;③性神经分布在前列腺两侧韧带;④前列腺与直肠位置<span style="color: black;">非常</span>邻近。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,前列腺癌手术后可能带来排尿问题、生育问题、性功能问题、直肠等邻近结构<span style="color: black;">损害</span>问题等等。当然,<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>在手术前会做好充分的准备,手术中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会尽最大可能规避术后的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,术后做好<span style="color: black;">恢复</span>和<span style="color: black;">定时</span>复查,是最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的事。<span style="color: black;">首要</span>,术后<span style="color: black;">初期</span>运动很<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>微创手术能很大程度上减少<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,减小<span style="color: black;">损害</span>,病人在术后<span style="color: black;">次日</span>就能下床活动。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">初期</span>运动不仅能够<span style="color: black;">增多</span>肺部活动,减少<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,还能有效防止卧床时间过长<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的下肢静脉血栓。<span style="color: black;">通常</span>术后<span style="color: black;">一月</span>,要进行PSA检测和肾功能常规<span style="color: black;">检测</span>,观察术后<span style="color: black;">恢复</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>和有<span style="color: black;">没</span>肾积水等手术并发症,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>个体<span style="color: black;">状况</span>再进行术后三个月、半年、一年的PSA检测。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>方面,<span style="color: black;">番茄</span>里的<span style="color: black;">西红柿</span>红素,洋葱里的槲皮素,红葡萄酒里面的红皮素、黄酮类物质,有<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的预防前列腺癌的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>适当摄入。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">牛肉、猪肉等红肉,则<span style="color: black;">必须</span>适当<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">喝大酒容易诱发前列腺炎,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>容易使前列腺癌复发,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>酒精的摄入要严格<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用绿茶代替,实在想喝酒,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>适量喝<span style="color: black;">有些</span>红酒。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,久坐容易使会阴部血液循环不畅,时间长了会影响其功能,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>要避免久坐,适度运动。</p>
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