原创 平常的抗生素药物有哪些 经常运用抗生素药物会有什么副功效
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">抗生素<span style="color: black;">重点</span>功能是用于治疗<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>微生物(常为细菌或真菌)<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的感染。在<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">平常</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>的<span style="color: black;">药物</span>中,抗生素的<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>非常的广泛,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">平常</span>的青霉素类、头孢菌素类、大环内酯类、氨基糖苷类等都是抗生素<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>说抗生素<span style="color: black;">药品</span>是<span style="color: black;">没</span>处不在。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">平常</span>的抗生素<span style="color: black;">药品</span>有<span style="color: black;">那些</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">青霉素类</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">为最早用于临床的抗生素,疗效高,毒性低。<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>是使易感细菌的细胞壁<span style="color: black;">生长</span>失常,致其死亡。人、哺乳动物的细胞<span style="color: black;">没</span>细胞壁,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>有效抗菌浓度的青霉素对人、哺乳动物机体细胞几呼<span style="color: black;">没</span>影响,因而对人体副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>较少。临床常用的青霉素类药有:青霉素G、氨苄青霉素、羟氨苄青霉素(阿莫西林、阿莫仙)、苯唑青霉素等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">头孢菌素类</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本类抗生素自60年代应用于临床<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,发展<span style="color: black;">快速</span>,应用日益广泛。习惯上依据时间及对细菌的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,分为<span style="color: black;">1、</span><span style="color: black;">2、</span>三代。常用的有:头孢氨苄(先锋霉素Ⅳ)、头孢唑啉(先锋霉素Ⅴ)、头孢拉定(先锋霉素Ⅵ)、头孢呋辛(西力欣)、头孢曲松(罗氏芬)、头孢噻肟(凯福隆)、头孢哌酮(先锋必)等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q7.itc.cn/images01/20240419/e238b9b3c388484c9d5f0297999bd495.bmp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">氨基糖苷类</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本类抗生素性质稳定,抗菌普广,在有氧<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,对<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>细菌起杀灭<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。其治疗指数(治疗剂量/中毒剂量)较其它抗生素为低,不良反应最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的是耳毒性。常用的有:链霉素、庆大霉素、霉卡那素、丁胺卡那霉素等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大环内酯类</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本类抗生素均含有一个12—16碳的大内酯环,为抑菌剂,仅适用于轻中度感染,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>为<span style="color: black;">日前</span>最安全的抗生素之一。红霉素为本类的<span style="color: black;">表率</span>,临床应用广泛,对青霉素过敏者常以本品治疗。近年来研制<span style="color: black;">研发</span>了许多新品种,临床效果显着,如阿奇霉素(泰力特、希舒美)、克拉霉素、罗它霉素、地红霉素等。常用的还有麦迪霉素、螺旋霉素、交沙霉素等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">四环素类</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">包含</span>四环素、土霉素、强力霉素等。本类抗生素可沉积于<span style="color: black;">生长</span>中的骨骼和牙齿中,反复<span style="color: black;">运用</span>可<span style="color: black;">引起</span>骨<span style="color: black;">生长</span>不良,牙齿黄染,牙釉质<span style="color: black;">生长</span>不良,自妊娠中期至3岁,危险性最大,并可<span style="color: black;">连续</span>至7岁<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>更久,故孕妇、哺乳期<span style="color: black;">女性</span>及8岁以下小儿禁用。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">氯霉素类</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">本类抗生素特点是脂溶性高,易进入脑脊液和脑组织,并对<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>病原体有效,但可诱发再生<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>性贫血,应用受到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>限制。<span style="color: black;">包含</span>氯霉素、琥珀氯霉素等。7、林可酰胺类</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">包含</span>林可霉素、克林霉素等。临床上还有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>广泛应用的合成抗菌<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>有磺胺类(磺胺嘧啶、复方新诺明等)、喹诺酮类(氟哌酸、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星等)及其它合成抗菌<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(痢特灵、甲硝唑、黄连素等)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、抗生素<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的原则是能用窄谱的<span style="color: black;">不消</span>广谱,能用低级的<span style="color: black;">不消</span>高级的,用一种能<span style="color: black;">处理</span>问题的就<span style="color: black;">不消</span>两种,轻度或中度感染<span style="color: black;">通常</span>不联合<span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素。在<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>病原微生物时<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>广谱抗生素,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>了致病的微生物最好<span style="color: black;">运用</span>窄谱抗生素。否则容易<span style="color: black;">加强</span>细菌对抗生素的耐药性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、每种抗生素都有<span style="color: black;">自己</span>的特性,<span style="color: black;">优良</span>劣势各不相同。<span style="color: black;">通常</span>要因病、因人<span style="color: black;">选取</span>,<span style="color: black;">保持</span>个体化给药。例如,红霉素是老牌抗生素,价格很便宜,它<span style="color: black;">针对</span>军团菌和支原体感染的肺炎<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>相当好的疗效,而价格非常高的碳青霉烯类的抗生素和三代头孢菌素对付这些病就不如红霉素。<span style="color: black;">况且</span>,有的老药药效比较稳定,价格便宜,不良反应较<span style="color: black;">知道</span>。新的抗生素的诞生<span style="color: black;">常常</span>是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>老的抗生素<span style="color: black;">出现</span>了耐药,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>老的抗生素有疗效,应当<span style="color: black;">运用</span>老的抗生素。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、不提倡联合<span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>联合用药<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>不<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的用药<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>不仅<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>疗效,反而降低疗效,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>容易产生<span style="color: black;">有些</span>毒副作用、<span style="color: black;">或</span>细菌对<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的耐药性。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>合并用药的种类越多,由此<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的毒副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>、不良反应<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率就越高。<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,为避免耐药和毒副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的产生,能用一种抗生素<span style="color: black;">处理</span>的问题绝<span style="color: black;">不该</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>两种。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4、<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>感冒都属于病毒性感冒,但抗生素只对细菌性感冒有用。发烧<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是,即便是细菌感染<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的发烧<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">茫然</span>地就<span style="color: black;">运用</span>头孢菌素等抗生素。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>结核<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的发热,<span style="color: black;">茫然</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素,反而耽误了正规抗痨治疗,会贻误病情,最好还是在<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">指点</span>下用药。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">5、抗生素的疗效有一个周期问题,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>某种抗生素的疗效暂时<span style="color: black;">欠好</span>,<span style="color: black;">首要</span>应当<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>用药时间不足。给药途径<span style="color: black;">欠妥</span>以及全身的免疫功能状态等<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>可影响抗生素的疗效。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>与这些<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>,只要加以<span style="color: black;">调节</span>,疗效就会<span style="color: black;">加强</span>。频繁更换<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>用药混乱,从而<span style="color: black;">损伤</span>身体。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">6、抗生素的<span style="color: black;">运用</span>有一个周期。用药时间不足的话,有可能<span style="color: black;">基本</span>见不到效果,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>医药一有效就停药,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>病情反复。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">7、新生儿、老年人和肝肾功能不全的人应避免或慎用<span style="color: black;">重点</span>经肝脏代谢和肾脏排泄的毒性<span style="color: black;">很强</span>的抗生素。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">8、预防性应用抗生素要严加<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>,<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>避免在皮肤、粘膜等局部使用抗生素,因其易<span style="color: black;">引起</span>过敏反应,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>易<span style="color: black;">导致</span>耐药菌株的产生。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">抗生素<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>误区</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">抗生素等于消炎药</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">抗生素不直接针对炎症发挥<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,而是针对<span style="color: black;">导致</span>炎症的微生物起到杀灭的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。<span style="color: black;">都数</span>人误以为抗生素<span style="color: black;">能够</span>治疗一切炎症。<span style="color: black;">实质</span>上抗生素仅适用于由细菌<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的炎症,而对由病毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的炎症<span style="color: black;">没</span>效。<span style="color: black;">平常</span>生活中经常<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的局部软组织的淤血、红肿、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>、过敏反应<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的接触性皮炎、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>性皮炎以及病毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的炎症等,都不宜<span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素来进行治疗。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">抗生素可预防感染</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">抗生素仅适用于由细菌和部分其他微生物<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的炎症,抗生素是针对<span style="color: black;">导致</span>炎症的微生物,是杀灭微生物的。<span style="color: black;">无</span>预防感染的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,相反,<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>细菌耐药。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">广谱抗生素比窄谱抗生素好</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">抗生素<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的原则是能用窄谱的<span style="color: black;">不消</span>广谱,能用低级的<span style="color: black;">不消</span>高级的,用一种能<span style="color: black;">处理</span>问题的就<span style="color: black;">不消</span>两种,轻度或中度感染<span style="color: black;">通常</span>不联合<span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q7.itc.cn/images01/20240419/962fa4fee98846a9aba92713cb435bd4.bmp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">感冒都<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">抗生素只对细菌性感冒有效,而<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>感冒都属于病毒性感冒,<span style="color: black;">都数</span>感冒不<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素种类越多越好</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>不提倡联合<span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素。<span style="color: black;">由于</span>联合用药<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>不<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的用药因素,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>不仅<span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>疗效,反而降低疗效,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>容易产生<span style="color: black;">有些</span>毒副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">或</span>细菌对<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的耐药性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">发烧都<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>抗生素</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">抗生素仅适用于由细菌和部分其他微生物<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的炎症发热,对病毒性感冒、麻疹、腮腺炎、伤风、流感等<span style="color: black;">病人</span>给予抗生素治疗有害<span style="color: black;">没</span>益。咽喉炎、上<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道感染者多为病毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>,抗生素<span style="color: black;">没</span>效。<a style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">返回<span style="color: black;">外链论坛:http://www.fok120.com/</span>,查看<span style="color: black;">更加多</span></span></a></p>
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