癌症病痛的三阶梯治疗
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>WHO癌痛三阶梯治疗指南,癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗有五项基本原则:</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(</strong><strong style="color: blue;">一</strong><strong style="color: blue;">)首选<span style="color: black;">没</span>创途径给药:</strong><span style="color: black;">如口服,芬太尼透皮贴剂,直肠栓剂,输液泵连续皮下输注等。可依<span style="color: black;">病人</span>不同病情和不同需求予以<span style="color: black;">选取</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(</strong><strong style="color: blue;">二</strong><strong style="color: blue;">)按阶梯给药:</strong><span style="color: black;">指<span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">选取</span>应依<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>程度,由轻到重<span style="color: black;">选取</span>不同强度的<span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">轻度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>:首选<span style="color: black;">第1</span>阶梯非甾体类抗炎药,以阿司匹林为<span style="color: black;">表率</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>:选弱阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,以可待<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">表率</span>,可合用非甾体类抗炎药;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">重度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>:选强阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,以吗啡为<span style="color: black;">表率</span>,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>合用非甾体类抗炎药。两类药合用可<span style="color: black;">增多</span>阿片<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的止痛效果,减少阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的用量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三阶梯用药的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,可依病情<span style="color: black;">选取</span>三环类抗抑郁药或抗惊厥类药等辅助用药。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(</strong><strong style="color: blue;">三</strong><strong style="color: blue;">)按时用药:</strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">指的是</span>止痛<span style="color: black;">药品</span>应有规律地按规<span style="color: black;">按时</span>间给予,不是等<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span>时给予。<span style="color: black;">运用</span>止痛药,<span style="color: black;">必要</span>先测定能<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的剂量,下一次用药应在前一次药效消失前给药。<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>突发剧痛时,可按需给予止痛药<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(</strong><strong style="color: blue;">四</strong><strong style="color: blue;">)个体化给药:</strong><span style="color: black;">阿片类药<span style="color: black;">没</span>理想标准用药剂量,存在<span style="color: black;">显著</span>个体差异,能使<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>得到缓解的剂量即是正确的剂量。<span style="color: black;">选择</span>阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,应从小剂量<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>剂量直到缓解<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>又<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>不良反应的用药剂量,即为个体化给药。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">(</strong><strong style="color: blue;">五</strong><strong style="color: blue;">)<span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>细节:</strong><span style="color: black;">对<span style="color: black;">运用</span>止痛药的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,应<span style="color: black;">重视</span>监护,密切观察<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>缓解程度和身体反应,<span style="color: black;">即时</span>采取必要<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,减少<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的不良反应,<span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">止疼</span>治疗效果。</span></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">方法</span>:</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>阶梯:</strong>轻度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>给予非阿片类(非甾体类抗炎药)加减辅助止痛药。<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:非甾体类止痛药存在最大有效剂量(天花板效应)的问题。常用<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>扑热息痛、阿司匹林、双氯芬酸盐、加合百服宁、布洛芬、芬必得(布洛芬缓释胶囊)、消炎痛、吲哚美辛、意施丁(吲哚美辛控释片)等等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">第二阶梯:</strong>中度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>给予弱阿片类加减非甾体类抗炎药和辅助止痛药。弱阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>存在天花板效应。常用<span style="color: black;">药品</span>有可待因、强痛定、曲马多、奇曼丁(曲马多缓释片)、双克因(可待因控释片)等等。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">第三阶梯:</strong>重度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>给予阿片类加减非甾体类抗炎药和辅助止痛药。强阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>天花板效应,但可产生耐受,需适当<span style="color: black;">增多</span>剂量以克服耐受现象。以往认为用吗啡止痛会成瘾,<span style="color: black;">因此</span>不愿给<span style="color: black;">病人</span>用吗啡,<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>证明这个观点是错误的。<span style="color: black;">运用</span>吗啡的癌痛<span style="color: black;">病人</span>极少产生成瘾性。此阶梯常用<span style="color: black;">药品</span>有吗啡片、美菲康(吗啡缓释片)、美施康定(吗啡控释片,可直肠给药)等等。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>,杜冷丁这一以往常用的止痛药,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>其代谢产物毒性大等<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,未被<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>用于<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>慢性<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的分级及疗效的<span style="color: black;">评估</span>:</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(一)分级</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">0级:<span style="color: black;">没</span>痛</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1级(轻度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>):虽有疼感但仍可忍受,并能正常生活,<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>不受干扰。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2级(中度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>):<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>,<span style="color: black;">不可</span>忍受,<span style="color: black;">需求</span><span style="color: black;">吃下</span><span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>,<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>受干扰。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3级(重度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>):<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>剧烈<span style="color: black;">不可</span>忍受,<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>,<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>严重受到干扰,可伴有植物神经功能<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>表现或被动体位。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(二)疗效的<span style="color: black;">评估</span> <span style="color: black;">因为</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>是一主观现象,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>对给药后疗效的<span style="color: black;">评估</span>常用的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>有二:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)主诉<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>程度的变化,</p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/3P2hGfH9picdRrdECiaKibNyjYKkYwIXYWwvpe37jnoCiahR2ic2RkR3ss3j45T5R524WAwu54nVLVJ5BTVCZDkl45Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)划线法,即将<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>分为0度~10度</p>(不痛、轻微<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>到极度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>),让病人在服药后自己划线以<span style="color: black;">暗示</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>程度的变化。这种<span style="color: black;">办法</span>已在<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>国家应用,<span style="color: black;">不仅</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>表达病人<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的程度,<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>反映给药后的动态变化。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/3P2hGfH9picdRrdECiaKibNyjYKkYwIXYWwPNdu67zFBOdyCEOTR3YMXlBzYaVxQ7HSpDGyupPJE7dB3c8Hmz9nqg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">疗效可<span style="color: black;">按照</span>以上记录分为:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">完全缓解(CR):治疗后完全<span style="color: black;">没</span>痛。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">部分缓解(PR):<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>较给药前<span style="color: black;">显著</span>减轻,<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>基本上不受干扰,能正常生活。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">轻度缓解(MR):<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>较给药前减轻,但仍感<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>仍受干扰。</p><span style="color: black;">没</span> 效(NP):与治疗前比较<span style="color: black;">没</span>减轻。
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">癌症,走出三阶梯止痛的误区:</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>是影响癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>生活质量的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>。但<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>部分临床医师对癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>认识不足,致使<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>得不到<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗。如今,很大部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>肿瘤时已到晚期,<span style="color: black;">没</span>法根治。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>这部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,治疗的重点<span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">帮忙</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>解除痛苦,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>生活质量,充分<span style="color: black;">表现</span>“以人为本”这一思想。为此,我国从1990年和WHO<span style="color: black;">一块</span>,推广专家委员会提出的三阶梯止痛治疗原则。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">“三阶梯止痛治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>”是<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的轻、中、重程度的不同,分别<span style="color: black;">选取</span>第<span style="color: black;">1、</span>第二及第三阶梯不同止痛<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。<span style="color: black;">第1</span><span style="color: black;">周期</span>用药是以阿司匹林为<span style="color: black;">表率</span>的非阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>;第二阶梯用药是以可待<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">表率</span>的弱阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>;第三阶梯用药是以吗啡为<span style="color: black;">表率</span>的强阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">之<span style="color: black;">因此</span>要推行三阶梯止痛治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>,是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它纠正了<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">败兴</span>为癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>止痛所<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">乱用</span>,不<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>用药的现象。而三阶梯止痛<span style="color: black;">方法</span>提倡<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>程度不同,<span style="color: black;">选择</span>不同的止痛药和不同剂量,且遵循四大原则,即按阶梯给药、按时给药、按适当途径给药和按个体给药。<span style="color: black;">这般</span>,它不仅能有效缓解癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,还能<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>避免<span style="color: black;">病人</span>对依赖性止痛<span style="color: black;">药品</span>成瘾,减少<span style="color: black;">药品</span>毒副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">我国<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗与发达国家比较还有相当的差距。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>是:老<span style="color: black;">大众</span>对癌痛处理认识不清,而绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>临床医师对此虽有初步认识,但对<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的规范化处理还<span style="color: black;">不足</span>清楚,在治疗观念、用药水平和用药结构上都存在不少误区。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">误区一:过分担心<span style="color: black;">药品</span>成瘾问题。能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>精神依赖的止痛药虽然对健康人有<span style="color: black;">必定</span><span style="color: black;">害处</span>,但对癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>确能起到止痛<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。如奥施康定(一种口服缓解吗啡类止痛药),对健康人有害,但它对晚期癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>有用。运用之妙,存乎一心;运用止痛药的<span style="color: black;">机会</span>和剂量<span style="color: black;">重要</span>在于<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>把关,做到有的放矢,准确<span style="color: black;">把握</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">误区二:忽略对疼痛程度的分级,<span style="color: black;">茫然</span>用药处理。<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的诊断要<span style="color: black;">知道</span>,分级要准确,<span style="color: black;">这般</span>,对症、逐级进行处理,<span style="color: black;">才可</span>有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。有时候,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>感觉<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,可能是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>精神的<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的感觉<span style="color: black;">反常</span>。<span style="color: black;">此时</span><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>家属和医师与<span style="color: black;">病人</span>很好交流,从精神上、心理上<span style="color: black;">处理</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>存在的疑虑,会比给药更有效,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>更好地把握给药<span style="color: black;">机会</span>、<span style="color: black;">把握</span>合适的给药剂量。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗如今<span style="color: black;">再也不</span>单指癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,还<span style="color: black;">包含</span>非癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,如带状疱疹<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">误区三:不是“按时”给药,而是“必要时”给药。<span style="color: black;">数年</span>来人们对<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>处理的给药习惯是“必要时”给药,像给退烧药<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>发热到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度才<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>。而三阶梯止痛<span style="color: black;">方法</span>强调的是“按时”给药,以达到<span style="color: black;">连续</span>有效地缓解<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,避免或减少止痛<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的不良反应。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">遗憾的是,过去几年这种<span style="color: black;">情况</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>大的改观。其根源在于,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的医务人员<span style="color: black;">无</span>树立“以人为本”的思想。<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span>面临着严重的心理问题,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>在被确诊为癌症的那天,心理防线就面临崩塌。这就<span style="color: black;">需求</span>医务工作者更应该注重在治疗过程中以人为本,加强相互交流和理解,从心理和精神上给予<span style="color: black;">她们</span>支持,这可能比<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗更有效。今天的活动只是起点,<span style="color: black;">无</span>终点。爱是世界永恒的主题,爱<span style="color: black;">便是</span>一种付出,一种不求<span style="color: black;">报答</span>但求奉献的付出。我很乐意当一名爱心妈妈,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>将走进你们的生活,<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">定时</span>不<span style="color: black;">定时</span>到学校或家庭去看望你们,经常性的<span style="color: black;">tel</span>沟通,<span style="color: black;">认识</span>你们的学习和身心健康,做你们生活的知情人、学习的引路人、品德的教育人、成长的<span style="color: black;">守护</span>人。</p>
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