晚期癌痛有多痛,除三阶梯止痛治疗外,还必要做什么?
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">说到</span>晚期癌痛,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>自己常常脑补出<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的情形:<span style="color: black;">因为</span>癌症和<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的双重<span style="color: black;">熬煎</span>,身心受到严重的打击,<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>痛苦。临床上约75-95%的晚期癌症病人与<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>相伴,其中1/3为重度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。晚期癌痛对肿瘤原发病的治疗和<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>质量都有<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>影响,<span style="color: black;">必要</span>采取积极<span style="color: black;">办法</span>进行<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>。晚期癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的治疗已<span style="color: black;">作为</span>世界性的公共卫生问题和当代<span style="color: black;">科研</span>的热点问题。兹复习近年来文献,对晚期癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的新认识及其治疗<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>作一综述。</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Go83tTGoichj7cPTnpOkLLRwo4FZm1x3WeicbO5egAhUtoa0FjlWypME6zHrZsRbiajkhCibaePQFyxjEMYSTWciczw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">图源:123RF</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>新概念与癌痛新认识</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">国际上曾经将<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>简单定义为组织<span style="color: black;">损害</span>或潜在组织<span style="color: black;">损害</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的不愉快的多维的感觉和情感体验,但随着临床和<span style="color: black;">科研</span>经验的累积,<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的定义已被<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>扩展。认识从当初对组织<span style="color: black;">损害</span>和心理层面的关注,扩展到<span style="color: black;">病人</span>认知和社会功能层面。基于<span style="color: black;">以上</span>认识,人们对癌痛的认识有了进一步发展,晚期癌痛对肿瘤原发病的治疗和<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>质量都有<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>影响,癌痛治疗不单单是缓解<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">那样</span>简单,对癌痛用药和管理<span style="color: black;">必要</span>全方位进行,并需<span style="color: black;">触及</span>生理、心理和社会各个层面。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>晚期癌痛的临床表现</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">晚期癌痛因原发病不同,其临床表现有所差异。79%的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>是<span style="color: black;">因为</span>肿瘤压迫<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,余下21%<span style="color: black;">出现</span>与神经<span style="color: black;">损害</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>。临床表现为以下几种类型:①如上所述,<span style="color: black;">损伤</span>感受性<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>临床表现为<span style="color: black;">连续</span>性<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>或压缩样痛。②神经病理性癌痛临床表现为针刺样、烧灼样、电击样痛,并伴有感觉超敏、感觉过敏或感觉<span style="color: black;">反常</span>。③有些<span style="color: black;">病人</span>则会有癌因性疲乏表现混杂<span style="color: black;">时期</span>。有些癌症文献认为,癌因性疲乏可能是癌症本身及影响功能的治疗<span style="color: black;">相关</span>或“肿瘤负荷”直接<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的结果。④有些<span style="color: black;">病人</span>则表现为转移性骨痛、肌肉痛等<span style="color: black;">损伤</span>感受性<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>特点。⑤有些<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可表现为爆发性痛,表现为<span style="color: black;">忽然</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>的剧烈不可忍受的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,并伴有其他症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>临床<span style="color: black;">评定</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">临床上常将癌痛分为四度:①0度:<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。②轻度:可忍受的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,睡眠不受干扰。③中度:<span style="color: black;">连续</span>的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>受干扰。④重度:<span style="color: black;">剧烈</span>、<span style="color: black;">连续</span>的剧痛、<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>严重受扰。病情的动态<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>由肿瘤科、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>科、介入治疗科和<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>科等医师<span style="color: black;">一起</span>参与,做出准确的诊断,从而<span style="color: black;">指点</span>治疗。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">发展</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>癌痛是晚期恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>治疗中的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>环节。WHO《癌痛三阶梯止痛治疗指南》<span style="color: black;">日前</span>仍然是癌痛治疗的基本治疗策略。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">1.三阶梯止痛治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>及其评</strong></span><strong style="color: blue;">价</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">三阶梯止痛治疗的<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>是轻度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">选择</span>非甾体类抗炎<span style="color: black;">药品</span>;中度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>可<span style="color: black;">选择</span>弱阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>或低剂量强阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,并可联合应用非甾体类抗炎<span style="color: black;">药品</span>以及辅助<span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>;重度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>首选强阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,并可联合应用非甾体类抗炎<span style="color: black;">药品</span>以及辅助<span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>。<span style="color: black;">恰当</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>对90%的癌痛达到有效果<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>剩下的10%顽固性癌痛,常规<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗效果<span style="color: black;">不良</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2.除三阶梯止痛治疗,还<span style="color: black;">必须</span>啥?</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">①《癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>诊疗规范(2018年版)》</strong>
</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>WHO《癌痛三阶梯止痛治疗指南》进行改良,提出了癌痛<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗的五项原则,即口服给药、按阶梯用药、按时用药、个体化用药和<span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>细节。以尽可能是<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>得到缓解,减少<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的不良反应,<span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生活质量。</p><strong style="color: blue;">②注重癌痛生理、心理和社会<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">干涉</span></strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">近年来,许多学者<span style="color: black;">针对</span>癌痛生理、心理和社会<span style="color: black;">原因</span><span style="color: black;">干涉</span>作出了有益的尝试,进一步<span style="color: black;">提高</span>了<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生命健康和<span style="color: black;">存活</span>质量。癌症晚期<span style="color: black;">病人</span>针对性治疗的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<span style="color: black;">持续</span>强化和完善对该类<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的心理护理与<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>管理护理,能在很大程度上<span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>接受治疗的<span style="color: black;">自信心</span>及<span style="color: black;">协同</span>治疗的积极性。有<span style="color: black;">科研</span>指出,心理<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>,可有效改善恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的焦虑、抑郁症状,<span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生活质量。</p><strong style="color: blue;">③中医中药辅助治疗</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中医药<span style="color: black;">做为</span>止痛药辅助<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>可谓方兴未艾。<span style="color: black;">科研</span>认为中药可<span style="color: black;">显著</span>减少三阶梯止痛法用药的剂量,减缓阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>耐药的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。中药的多靶点<span style="color: black;">功效</span>可与三阶梯治疗产生协同或相加<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,其活血、安神、清热、抗疲劳等效应,<span style="color: black;">也</span>是癌痛治疗辅助用药不可或缺的一部分。中医药联合三阶梯治疗癌痛<span style="color: black;">能够</span>相互取长补短,更适合国情,值得临床应用与推广。</p><strong style="color: blue;">④爆发性痛的处理</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">偶发性爆发性<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>有<span style="color: black;">详细</span>的诱因,如体力活动、咳嗽、吞咽、排尿、排便等,治疗原则是去除诱因;自发性或特发性爆发性<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,其不可预知,常<span style="color: black;">忽然</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>。采取综合治疗是<span style="color: black;">重要</span>。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>,临床上<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>在爆发性<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">爆发</span>时<span style="color: black;">运用</span>新型短效急救阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,如硫酸吗啡即释片、芬太尼透黏膜口含片或鼻腔喷雾剂等。</p><strong style="color: blue;">⑤手术治疗</strong>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>预计<span style="color: black;">存活</span>时间超过3个月的晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>采取以下有效的办法:用高浓度的酒精损毁<span style="color: black;">没</span>髓鞘的腹腔神经丛治疗上腹部脏器肿瘤<span style="color: black;">引起</span>背痛;神经阻滞在胰腺、上腹部的腹腔神经丛、上腹下神经丛、肋间神经及外周神经等部位可取得良好的<span style="color: black;">止疼</span>效果;经皮椎体成形术<span style="color: black;">针对</span>溶骨性椎骨转移瘤<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>及由此<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的神经压迫症状疗效<span style="color: black;">知道</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5、</span>小结</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">晚期癌痛戕害生命,积极<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>仁爱同行。有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>癌痛是晚期恶性肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>治疗中的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>环节。临床处理晚期癌痛<span style="color: black;">必要</span><span style="color: black;">保持</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>与非<span style="color: black;">药品</span>、必要时手术<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>相结合的方式,针对不同<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>,采取灵活多样的<span style="color: black;">止疼</span>模式,<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生活质量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考文献</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上海市抗癌协会癌症<span style="color: black;">恢复</span>与姑息专业委员会.癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>诊疗上海专家共识(2017年版).中国癌症杂志.2017,27(4):312-320</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">叶峰,张映红,王淳阅,等.120例神经病理性癌痛的临床特征与<span style="color: black;">关联</span>治疗.当代医学,2013,19(36):68-69</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">司马蕾,樊碧发,闫龙涛,等.神经病理性癌痛的临床特点与<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>的调查<span style="color: black;">科研</span>.中国<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>医药杂志,2014,20(7):476-480</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">张元,夏中元,苏娃婷,等.癌症爆发性<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>管理新<span style="color: black;">发展</span>.癌症<span style="color: black;">发展</span>,2016,14(2):121-125</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会,《癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>诊疗规范(2018年版)》编写专家委员会.癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>诊疗规范(2018年版).中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会官网:2018-08-27</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">刘仁凤,李远娟,李雪平.癌症晚期<span style="color: black;">病人</span>心理护理与<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>管理相结合的护理体会.临床医药文献电子杂志,2016,3(58):11584-11584</p>王斌,谢广茹,潘站宇.中医药联合三阶梯止痛法治疗癌性<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的探讨.中国肿瘤,2011,20(4):274-277
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