癌症是怎么样形成的?
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="color: black;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症完全是内发的,是身体<span style="color: black;">自己</span>的问题。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">说到底,癌症<span style="color: black;">便是</span>你自己的身体竭尽全力要杀死你,它是未经许可的<span style="color: black;">自s</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">带你深入<span style="color: black;">认识</span>癌症到底是什么。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://picx.zhimg.com/80/v2-0f22834762c5c1dd31759d401a5b2fae_720w.webp?source=1def8aca" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">「<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>是身体。它们出了错。」</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">——汤姆·卢波克(Tom Lubbock),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">《若<span style="color: black;">没</span>另行<span style="color: black;">通告</span>,我还活着》</a></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(Until Further Notice, I Am Alive)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">I</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>人最害怕的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,但这种恐惧,基本上是近来才<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1896 年,刚创刊的<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">《美国心理学杂志》</a></span>请人们说出自己最害怕的健康<span style="color: black;">危险</span>,几乎<span style="color: black;">无</span>人<span style="color: black;">说到</span>癌症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">白喉</a></span>、天花和肺结核是最令人担忧的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,但对普通人<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,就连<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">破伤风</a></span>、溺水、被患狂犬病的动物咬伤或是遭遇地震,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>远比癌症可怕。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">一部分<span style="color: black;">原由</span>是,过去的人们<span style="color: black;">一般</span>活得<span style="color: black;">不足</span>长,来不及大批量地患上癌症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">正如一位同事对<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">《众病之王:癌症传》(The Emperor of All Maladies)</a></span>的作者悉达多·穆克吉所说,「癌症的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>历史是,癌症就<span style="color: black;">无</span>太多的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>历史」。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">不是说癌症完全不存在,而是人们并未把它看成一种自己可能会患上的可怕东西。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从这个<span style="color: black;">道理</span>上说,它很像<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>的肺炎。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺炎仍然是第九大<span style="color: black;">平常</span>死因,但几乎没人会非常害怕因它而死,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span>会把肺炎与行将就木的虚弱老年人联系在<span style="color: black;">一块</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在很长一段时间里,癌症<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">这般</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">随着 20 世纪的到来,一切全都变了。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从 1900 年到 1940 年,癌症这一死亡<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,从第 8 位跃升至第 2 位(仅次于心脏病),并从此为<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的死亡感知投下了<span style="color: black;">暗影</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">今天,大约 40% 的人会在生命的某个时刻<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>自己患上了癌症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">更加多</span>的人会在不知情的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下患病,并先死于其他<span style="color: black;">原由</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">例如,60 岁以上的男性中有一半、70 岁以上的男性中有 3/4 的人死前从来不<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>自己<span style="color: black;">身患</span>前列腺癌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">事实上,<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">显示</span>,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>所有男性都活得足够长,全都会得前列腺癌。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">20 世纪的癌症,不仅令人感到恐惧,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">成为了</span>人的耻辱。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1961 年,美国一项针对<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>的调查<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,10 个<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>里有 9 个在病人身患癌症时<span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">通知</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>对癌症怀有太大的耻辱感和恐惧感。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大约在同一时间,英国进行的调查<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,大约 85% 的癌症<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">期盼</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>自己<span style="color: black;">可否</span>快要死了,但 70%~90% 的医生<span style="color: black;">没</span>论<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>都拒绝告诉<span style="color: black;">她们</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>倾向于认为癌症是一种会感染的东西,就像<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">细菌感染</a></span><span style="color: black;">同样</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">事实上,癌症完全是内发的,是身体<span style="color: black;">自己</span>的问题。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2000 年,<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">《细胞》</a></span>杂志<span style="color: black;">发布</span>了一篇<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>里程碑<span style="color: black;">道理</span>的论文,特意列出了所有<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">癌细胞</a></span>都具备的六种属性,即:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">它们<span style="color: black;">没</span>限制地分裂;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">它们的生长<span style="color: black;">无</span>方向,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不受激素等<span style="color: black;">外边</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>的影响;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">它们参与<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">血管生成</a></span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>说,它们<span style="color: black;">诈骗</span>身体为之供血;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">它们<span style="color: black;">没</span>视任何停止生长的信号;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">它们能抵挡细胞凋亡(即程序性的细胞死亡);</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">它们会转移,或扩散到身体的其他部位。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">说到底,癌症<span style="color: black;">便是</span>你自己的身体竭尽全力要杀死你,它是未经许可的<span style="color: black;">自s</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">「<span style="color: black;">因此</span>,癌症不是传染性的,」在<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">荷兰乌得勒支</a></span>新建的马克西玛公主儿童癌症中心,儿科血液肿瘤学创始临床<span style="color: black;">专家</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">约瑟夫·沃姆尔(Josef Vormoor)</a></span>博士说,「它们是你自己攻击自己。」</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">沃姆尔是我的老<span style="color: black;">伴侣</span>,我最初认识他,他还在<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">纽卡斯尔大学北方癌症<span style="color: black;">科研</span>所</a></span>当<span style="color: black;">专家</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2018 年夏天,马克西玛公主儿童癌症中心刚开张不久,他就加入了。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌细胞和正常细胞<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,只是它们疯狂地激增。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">由于</span>表面上很正常,身体有时<span style="color: black;">没</span>法检测到癌细胞,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不会像对外来<span style="color: black;">原因</span>那样<span style="color: black;">诱发</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">炎症反应</a></span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这<span style="color: black;">便是</span>说,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>癌症在<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">周期</span>不痛,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>看不见。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">仅有</span>当肿瘤<span style="color: black;">成长</span>到压迫了神经或形成肿块时,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>才<span style="color: black;">认识</span>到出了问题。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有些癌症<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在数十年后才显现。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">还有<span style="color: black;">有些</span>完全不显现。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症跟其他<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>很不<span style="color: black;">同样</span>,它的攻击<span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>休<span style="color: black;">没</span>止。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">战胜癌症</a></span>几乎总是来之<span style="color: black;">很难</span>,<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">常常</span>还会付出重大的代价,牺牲受害者的整体健康。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">面对猛攻,它会撤退、重组,并以更有力的形式伺机再来。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">即使表面上失败,它<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能会留下「沉睡」细胞,这些细胞<span style="color: black;">能够</span>在休眠<span style="color: black;">数年</span>后再次焕<span style="color: black;">出现</span>机。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的是,癌细胞是自私的。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">正常而言,人体细胞完成任务后,就接受其他细胞的指令,为了身体的健康而死亡。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肿瘤细胞不这么做,它们只为了自己的利益而扩散。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">「它们在演化中<span style="color: black;">得到</span>了免遭<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的能力,」沃姆尔说,「它们<span style="color: black;">能够</span>不受<span style="color: black;">药品</span>影响,它们能产生抗性,能招募其他细胞来<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>自己,能进入<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">冬眠状态</a></span>等待更好的<span style="color: black;">前提</span>。凡是能<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>杀死它们难度的事情,它们都能做。」</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">近期</span>才<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,在癌症转移之前,它们能够为侵入远端<span style="color: black;">目的</span>器官做好准备,其机制大概是采用了某种<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">化</a>学信号</span>的形式。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">「这<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>说,」沃姆尔说,「当<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">癌细胞扩散</a></span>到其他器官时,它们不是怀着碰碰运气的念头猛地跳过去,相反,它们<span style="color: black;">已然</span>在<span style="color: black;">目的</span>器官<span style="color: black;">创立</span>了基地。<span style="color: black;">为何</span>某些癌症会转移到某些器官(<span style="color: black;">一般</span>在身体的远处),这始终是个谜。」</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必要</span>不时地提醒自己,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">这儿</span>说的是细胞,它们<span style="color: black;">无</span>大脑。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">它们不是故意用心险恶,不是在密谋弄死<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">它们所做的一切,跟所有的细胞<span style="color: black;">无</span>两样,它们只是为了<span style="color: black;">存活</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">「世界是个充满挑战的<span style="color: black;">地区</span>,」沃姆尔说,「所有的细胞都演化出了一整套用来<span style="color: black;">守护</span>自己避免 <span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">DNA</a></span> 破坏的程序。它们只是在按程序<span style="color: black;">办事</span>。」</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">或</span>,像沃姆尔的同事<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">奥拉夫·海登莱希</a></span>(Olaf Heidenreich)对我所做的解释:「癌症是<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>为进化付出的代价。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的细胞<span style="color: black;">不可</span>变异,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>就永远不会得癌症,但<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>法演变。<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>将永远一个样。在实践中,这<span style="color: black;">寓意</span>着,尽管演变有时对个体<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>很艰难,但总体<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,它对物种有益。」</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">实质</span>上,癌症不是一种<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,而是 200 多种病因不同、预后不同的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>套装。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">80% 的癌症,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>众所周知的恶性肿瘤(<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">carcinom</a>as</span>),产生于上皮细胞——<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span><span style="color: black;">形成</span>皮肤与器官膜的细胞。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">例如,乳腺癌并不是在乳房内随机生长,而是<span style="color: black;">一般</span>从乳管<span style="color: black;">起始</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">上皮细胞对癌症<span style="color: black;">尤其</span><span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>,据信是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>它们分裂<span style="color: black;">快速</span>且频繁。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">仅有</span>大约 1% 的癌症是在<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">结缔组织</a></span>中<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>的,这类的癌叫作<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">肉瘤</a></span>(sarcomas)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">癌症<span style="color: black;">首要</span>是个年龄的问题。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">从出生到 40 岁之间,男性患癌症的概率约为 1/71,女性为 1/51,但到了 60 岁以上,男性患癌症的概率<span style="color: black;">加强</span>到 1/3,女性变成 1/4。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">80 岁长者患癌症的可能性是青少年的 1000 倍。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">生活方式是决定<span style="color: black;">那些</span>人患癌症的一个<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">原因</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有些<span style="color: black;">科研</span>计算出,超过一半的病例<span style="color: black;">是由于</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>采取<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">处理</span>的事情<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的,<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是吸烟、饮酒过度和<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>过量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">美国癌症协会</a></span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,<span style="color: black;">过重</span>与肝癌、乳腺癌、食管癌、前列腺癌、<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">结肠癌</a></span>、胰腺癌、肾癌、子宫颈癌、<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">甲状腺癌</a></span>和胃癌(简而言之,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>身体的所有部位)的发病率之间存在「<span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>性」。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">体重<span style="color: black;">怎么样</span>让天平失去了平衡,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>完全<span style="color: black;">不睬</span>解,但<span style="color: black;">状况</span>看起来的确如此。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">环境接触<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是癌症的一个<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span>,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>比<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>人<span style="color: black;">认识</span>到的更<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">第1</span>个<span style="color: black;">重视</span>到环境与癌症存在<span style="color: black;">关联</span>性的人是英国外科<span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">珀西瓦尔·波特(Percivall Pott)</a></span>, 1775 年他便指出,阴囊癌在烟囱清洁工中格外<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>——事实上,这种<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>简直可谓是这份工作的职业病,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>被<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为「烟囱清洁工癌」。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">波特在《白内障、鼻息肉和阴囊癌等的外科观察》(Chirurgical Observations Relative to the Cataract, the Polypus of the Nose, the Cancer of the Scrotum, Etc.)中考察了烟囱清洁工的困境,<span style="color: black;">不但</span>确认了癌症的环境<span style="color: black;">源自</span>,还在一个对穷人漫不经心的艰难时代,向烟囱清洁工这一凄凉群体表现出了同情。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">波特记录道,从孩童时期<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,清洁工们「就频遭残忍对待,在寒冷和饿肚子;<span style="color: black;">她们</span>被推进狭窄、有时还发烫的烟囱里,身上碰得青<span style="color: black;">一起</span>紫<span style="color: black;">一起</span>,被烧伤,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>喘不上气来;等<span style="color: black;">她们</span>到了青春期,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>容易患上一种最讨厌、最痛苦<span style="color: black;">亦</span>最为致命的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>」。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">波特<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,癌症的病因是扫烟囱时阴囊皱褶里积聚的煤烟。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">每一个</span>星期好好洗一次澡,就可防止癌症的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,但大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>清洁工就连<span style="color: black;">每一个</span>星期洗一次澡的<span style="color: black;">前提</span>都<span style="color: black;">无</span>,直到 19 世纪末,阴囊癌始终是个问题。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">今天,<span style="color: black;">无</span>人<span style="color: black;">晓得</span>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>基本上不可能判断,环境<span style="color: black;">原因</span>到底在多大程度上<span style="color: black;">引起</span>了癌症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>一项估计,当今世界有着超过 80,000 种<span style="color: black;">商场</span>化生产的化学品,其中 86% 从未检测过对人类的影响。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">乃至</span>不太<span style="color: black;">认识</span>身边<span style="color: black;">安置</span>着多少有益或中性的化学物质。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2016 年,<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">加州大学圣地亚哥分校</a></span>的彼得·多瑞斯坦(Pieter Dorrestein)接受<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">《化学世界》(Chemistry World)</a></span>杂志记者采访时<span style="color: black;">暗示</span>:「<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>有人问,人类栖息地中最丰富的 10 种分子是什么?没人能回答。」</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在所有可能<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>有害的物质中,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span>氡、一氧化碳、<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">烟草烟雾</a></span>和石棉得到过真正广泛的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其余基本上是猜测。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>吸入<span style="color: black;">海量</span>甲醛,而甲醛多用于<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">阻燃剂</a></span>和黏合家具的胶水。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>还生产并吸入<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的二氧化氮、<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">多环烃</a></span>、半有机化合物和<span style="color: black;">各样</span>微粒。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">就连烹调<span style="color: black;">食品</span>和燃烧蜡烛<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会产生有害的微粒。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">虽然没人能说出空气和水中的污染物对患癌有多大的影响,但据估计可能高达 20%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">病毒和细菌<span style="color: black;">一样</span>会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>癌症。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2011 年,世界卫生组织估计,在发达国家,<span style="color: black;">大概</span> 6% 的癌症<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>病毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的,而在低收入和<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">中等收入国家</a></span>,纯粹由病毒<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>的癌症多达 22%。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这曾经是个非常激进的观念。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1911 年,纽约<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">洛克菲勒</a></span><span style="color: black;">科研</span>所刚拿到资质的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>员<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">佩顿·劳斯(Peyton Rou</a>s)</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>一种病毒会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>鸡患癌症,但同僚们对他的<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>嗤之以鼻。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在反对<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>嘲笑声中,劳斯放弃了这个设想,转向了其他<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">直到 1966 年,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>即他做出<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>半个多世纪后,诺贝尔奖才正式对他给予了肯定。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">此刻</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>,宫颈癌(由人类乳头瘤病毒<span style="color: black;">导致</span>)、某些类型的<span style="color: black;"><a style="color: black;">伯基特淋巴瘤</a></span>和肝癌,还有其他若干种癌症,病原体都是罪魁祸首。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">据估计,病原体可能要为<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>所有癌症的 1/4 负责。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有时,癌症似乎<span style="color: black;">反常</span>随机。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>里,有 10% 的男性和 15% 的女性不是吸烟者,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不曾接触过已知的环境<span style="color: black;">害处</span>,或是面临任何会<span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>的事情。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">看起来,这些人单纯<span style="color: black;">便是</span>非常、非常不走运——但<span style="color: black;">她们</span>到底是命运<span style="color: black;">道理</span>上的不走运,还是遗传<span style="color: black;">道理</span>上的不走运,就没办法说得清了。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">然而,所有的癌症都有一个<span style="color: black;">一起</span>点:治疗很粗糙。</p>
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期待你更多的精彩评论,一起交流学习。 大势所趋,用于讽刺一些制作目的就是为了跟风玩梗,博取眼球的作品。
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