m5k1umn 发表于 2024-5-24 14:41:28

什么是鼻窦恶性肿瘤?


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">鼻窦癌(paranasal sinus cancers)又<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>鼻旁窦癌、副鼻窦癌,是<span style="color: black;">出现</span>于鼻窦的恶性肿瘤,其<span style="color: black;">详细</span>病因<span style="color: black;">迄今</span>尚未<span style="color: black;">知道</span>。肿瘤原发于鼻窦内的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>初期多<span style="color: black;">没</span>特征性症状,一旦肿瘤超出窦腔之外,侵入邻近器官,可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>相应部位的症状表现。<span style="color: black;">平常</span>单侧鼻塞、鼻<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、脓血涕、嗅觉<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>、头痛、面部<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>麻木、牙痛、面部隆起、流泪、复视等。鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤常合并<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,有时很难辨别原发部位。大<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>就诊时<span style="color: black;">已经是</span>晚期,病变<span style="color: black;">一般</span>侵及一个或多个相邻的结构,<span style="color: black;">初期</span>诊断和治疗对<span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>率极为<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">鼻腔及鼻窦恶性肿瘤占全身恶性肿瘤的2.05%~3.66%,占耳鼻喉部恶性肿瘤的21.74%~49.22%。鼻窦癌男性<span style="color: black;">占多数</span>,男女比为4∶1。其中,在<span style="color: black;">各样</span>鼻窦中以上颌窦癌最多见,占鼻窦癌的70%,筛窦癌约占20%,原发于蝶窦者约占3%,原发于额窦者最少见,仅占1%<span style="color: black;">上下</span>。鼻窦癌各类型中又以鳞状细胞癌最多见,约占80%。</p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-a68f740cf076f3c3bc3b141c25aefc86_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">01</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">症 状</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">鼻窦癌<span style="color: black;">按照</span>肿瘤原发部位和受累范围而症状各异,部分肿瘤<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>表现,一旦肿瘤超出窦腔之外,侵入邻近器官,可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>相应部位的症状。典型表现可见单侧鼻塞、鼻<span style="color: black;">流血</span>或脓血涕、嗅觉<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>、局部<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>麻木,肿瘤向<span style="color: black;">周边</span>扩散、转移可能会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>面部变形、眼部症状、张口困难、淋巴结肿大等,晚期多会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>贫血、消瘦等恶病质。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">典型症状</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、鼻塞肿瘤<span style="color: black;">很强</span>挤压鼻腔时,会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>鼻塞,多为单侧,初起是间歇性、进行性鼻塞,后发展为<span style="color: black;">连续</span>性。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、鼻<span style="color: black;">流血</span>或脓血涕常为单侧鼻腔分泌物中带血或少量鼻<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,晚期可能会伴有恶臭味。起初鼻<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的次数与血量可能较少,之后<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">增加</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、嗅觉<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>随着肿瘤发展,会影响嗅觉。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>与麻木<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>可能是较早<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的症状,多为神经痛,晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">发展</span>可能会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>难以忍受的头痛。上颌窦癌可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>面颊部<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>或麻木感,部分会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>牙痛或牙齿松动。额窦癌可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>额部胀痛及皮肤麻木。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">伴同</span>症状</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、肿瘤向<span style="color: black;">周边</span>扩散,侵及<span style="color: black;">周边</span>组织,可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>相应症状。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)<span style="color: black;">引起</span>面部隆起,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>面部不对<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>变形,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>面部溃烂或瘘管。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)<span style="color: black;">显现</span>眼部的症状,可能有流泪、眼球移位、复视(看东西<span style="color: black;">显现</span>重影)、突眼、眼睑下垂、视力<span style="color: black;">衰退</span><span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">眼瞎</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)肿瘤累及肌肉,使下颌关节运动受限,会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>张口困难。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(4)颅底受累可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>剧烈头痛、耳痛、内眦部包块等。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(5)肿瘤侵入口腔,会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>硬腭及唇龈沟隆起,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>溃烂,牙槽增厚,牙齿松动或脱落。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、<span style="color: black;">出现</span>淋巴结转移时,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">伴同</span>淋巴结肿大。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">02</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治 疗</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、手术治疗</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">手术治疗是分化好的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>鼻腔肿瘤或拒绝放射治疗的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,可行单纯手术治疗。手术方式较多,不同病理,不同部位,以及不同侵犯范围应该采用不同的手术方式,尽可能的完整切除病变。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">术式<span style="color: black;">包含</span>:①上颌骨根治术②内镜下肿瘤切除术③上颌窦根治术④筛窦切除术⑤颅面联合根治术</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>鼻腔、鼻窦癌的发病较隐匿,局部晚期病变占<span style="color: black;">很强</span>比例,<span style="color: black;">况且</span>与较多的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>组织和器官相邻,手术<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>达到根治性的目的,多与放疗及化疗联合使用,以<span style="color: black;">加强</span>局部区域的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>率,以<span style="color: black;">加强</span><span style="color: black;">存活</span>率。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、单纯放疗/同步放化疗</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">可分为根治性和姑息性两种。姑息或根治都是相对而言,在治疗中可能因治疗效果或病情变化而互相转化。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)根治性放疗 <span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">初期</span>病变,根治性放疗<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>手术的替代治疗,尤其是<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">自己</span>合并症等<span style="color: black;">原由</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>法接受手术治疗的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>局部晚期<span style="color: black;">没</span>法手术切除的上颌窦癌,<span style="color: black;">举荐</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>放疗或放化疗综合治疗。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)姑息性放疗<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>尚能够耐受治疗,而肿瘤晚期<span style="color: black;">没</span>手术指征,并伴有<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,脑神经受累等症状,或肿瘤生长快伴轻度<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、肿瘤堵塞<span style="color: black;">摄食</span>通道等,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>进行以姑息减症为目的的放疗。姑息放疗的射野<span style="color: black;">能够</span>适当缩小,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>给予根治剂量,有时姑息性放疗<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可收到意想不到的效果,<span style="color: black;">不仅</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>达到减轻<span style="color: black;">病人</span>症状的目的,还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>延长<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生命。</p>
    <div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-60c65255c0bb3ad019220580edf7f476_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、手术与放疗的综合治疗</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1) 术前放疗 除分化差的肿瘤以外,凡有手术指征的鼻腔、鼻窦癌都适合采用有计划的术前放疗。术前放疗<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>肿瘤的完整切除率。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>某些<span style="color: black;">没</span>法手术的晚期病变,姑息治疗中,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>肿瘤退缩较好,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>应该即使<span style="color: black;">调节</span>治疗方式,将息放疗转变为术前放疗,进行手术,切除病灶,在不<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>并发症及不<span style="color: black;">显著</span>影响<span style="color: black;">病人</span>生活质量的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,给予根治的治疗。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">术前的优点:缩小肿瘤体积,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>手术切除率,有助于功能性手术的完成;<span style="color: black;">能够</span>减少手术操作<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的肿瘤细胞的脱落,或转移。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2) 术后放疗治疗<span style="color: black;">因为</span>鼻腔、鼻窦<span style="color: black;">周边</span>较多正常组织,手术<span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>较充分的切缘,术后放疗<span style="color: black;">作为</span>一种<span style="color: black;">重点</span>的综合治疗手段,<span style="color: black;">况且</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>给予相对高的剂量,以<span style="color: black;">得到</span>较好的局部<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>。<span style="color: black;">或</span>,因肿瘤<span style="color: black;">流血</span>危险性大,或肿瘤巨大<span style="color: black;">诱发</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应先手术治疗,术后放疗<span style="color: black;">也</span>是非根治性手术的一种<span style="color: black;">解救</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">术后放疗的优点:<span style="color: black;">能够</span>准确地做出病理诊断和病理分期,准确的确定肿瘤侵犯范围,有助于术后放疗范围的确定;并<span style="color: black;">能够</span>对鼻窦内的炎症进行引流,减少感染<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的乏氧;术后放疗不会<span style="color: black;">增多</span>手术的并发症。</p>




情迷布拉格 发表于 2024-8-25 09:34:14

这篇文章真的让我受益匪浅,外链发布感谢分享!

流星的美 发表于 2024-9-8 17:36:54

说得好啊!我在外链论坛打滚这么多年,所谓阅人无数,就算没有见过猪走路,也总明白猪肉是啥味道的。

1fy07h 发表于 2024-11-8 14:36:40

这篇文章真的让我受益匪浅,外链发布感谢分享!
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