心梗后心衰怎么样用药?正确用法整理好了,赶快保藏!
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">作者:吕雄</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">源自</span>:医学界心血管频道</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心肌梗死是心力衰竭最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>、最<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>的病因之一。流行病学资料<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,在中国心梗后心衰发病率高,预后差。虽然随着<span style="color: black;">药品</span>和非<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗手段的发展,心梗后心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">结果</span>得到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>改善,但其全因死亡率、心血管事件<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率和再住院率仍然较高,这与该类<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的严重性<span style="color: black;">相关</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>与治疗手段<span style="color: black;">可否</span><span style="color: black;">即时</span>、恰当以及心内科医师的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>预防和治疗观念<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">那样</span>心梗后心衰该<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>正确用药呢?<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">一块</span>来<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span>吧~</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心肌梗死后心力衰竭的</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">定义与<span style="color: black;">归类</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心梗后心衰为急性心梗[<span style="color: black;">包含</span>ST段抬高型心梗(STEMI)和非ST段抬高型心梗(NSTEMI)]后、在住院<span style="color: black;">时期</span>或出院后<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的心衰。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>心衰<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的时间,可分为早发心梗后心衰(心梗入院时即存在或住院<span style="color: black;">时期</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>的心衰)和晚发心梗后心衰(出院后<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的心衰)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">根据</span>起病缓急,可分为心梗后急性心衰和心梗后慢性心衰。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>梗死的部位和范围的不同,急性心衰又可分为急性左心衰、急性右心衰、急性全心衰。</p><span style="color: black;">按照</span>左心室射血分数(LVEF),心梗后心衰可分为射血分数<span style="color: black;">显现</span>下降的心力衰竭(HfrEF)(LVEF<40%)、射血分数轻度降低的心力衰竭(HfmrEF)(LVEF 40%~49%)以及射血分数<span style="color: black;">保存</span>的心衰(HfpEF)(LVEF≥50%)。<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">都数</span>心梗后急性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>经住院治疗后症状<span style="color: black;">能够</span>缓解而转为慢性心衰;心梗后慢性心衰又可因<span style="color: black;">各样</span>诱因<span style="color: black;">出现</span>失代偿,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>急性加重而需住院治疗。心梗的类型、部位、面积大小以及治疗<span style="color: black;">可否</span><span style="color: black;">即时</span>、有效都是心衰<span style="color: black;">出现</span>与否及严重程度的决定<span style="color: black;">原因</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心梗后急性心衰的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗<span style="color: black;">目的</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心梗后急性心衰的治疗<span style="color: black;">目的</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>是稳定血流动力学状态,纠正低氧,缓解心衰症状,<span style="color: black;">守护</span>脏器灌注和功能,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>应<span style="color: black;">注意</span>改善<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生活质量及短期和<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>预后。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">利尿剂</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">首选静脉应用利尿剂如呋塞米、托拉塞米等,必要时可联合应用氢氯噻嗪或保钾利尿剂。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血管扩张剂</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>有硝酸酯类、硝普钠、重组B型钠尿肽(BNP)、乌拉地尔等。血管扩张剂<span style="color: black;">运用</span>前及<span style="color: black;">运用</span>过程中要<span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>血压,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>收缩压<90 mmHg的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,不<span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>此类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">正性肌力药</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">常用<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>β受体兴奋剂(多巴胺、多巴酚丁胺等)、洋地黄类制剂(西地兰、毛花甙C等)、磷酸二酯酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂(米力农等)、钙增敏剂(左西孟旦)。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>急性心梗期的心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,应<span style="color: black;">小心</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>正性肌力<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。STEMI<span style="color: black;">病人</span>PCI后伴急性心衰时,<span style="color: black;">运用</span>左西孟旦能够改善心肌收缩,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>耐受良好且不<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常<span style="color: black;">危害</span>;而<span style="color: black;">针对</span>急性心梗伴心原性休克的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,荟萃分析<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,左西孟旦能够改善心功能和血流动力学参数,但在<span style="color: black;">存活</span>预后方面的获益尚不<span style="color: black;">知道</span>。急性心梗24h内不<span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">血管收缩剂</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>有效血容量<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上,血压急剧下降或<span style="color: black;">显现</span>低灌注表现时,可用血管收缩剂暂时<span style="color: black;">提高</span>血压,一旦症状缓解,立即<span style="color: black;">减少</span>乃至停用。血管收缩<span style="color: black;">药品</span>应用<span style="color: black;">欠妥</span>可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">心率</span>失常<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>加重心肌缺血。心原性休克时可首选去甲肾上腺素。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">改善预后的<span style="color: black;">药品</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在血流动力学稳定后应尽早启用,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>β受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂(ACEI)或血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断剂(ARB)或血管紧张素受体脑啡肽酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂(ARNI)、醛固酮受体拮抗剂,<span style="color: black;">按照</span>病情适当<span style="color: black;">调节</span>用量。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>有慢性心衰病史的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">初始</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>ARNI代替ACEI或ARB,血流动力学稳定后尽早<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心梗后慢性心衰的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">治疗<span style="color: black;">目的</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心梗后慢性心衰的治疗<span style="color: black;">目的</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>是改善临床症状和生活质量,减缓或逆转心脏重构,减少再住院,降低死亡率。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">利尿剂</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有液体潴留表现的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>应<span style="color: black;">运用</span>利尿剂,多<span style="color: black;">运用</span>口服利尿剂,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>袢利尿剂(如呋塞米、托拉塞米)、噻嗪类利尿剂(如氢氯噻嗪、吲达帕胺)和保钾利尿剂(阿米洛利、氨苯蝶啶)。<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">很强</span>剂量利尿剂可能会导致RAAS激活和电解质<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>维持剂量,即以最小的剂量<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>维持<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在“干重状态”。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">β受体阻滞剂</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除非存在禁忌,所有心梗后心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>均应接受β受体阻滞剂治疗。对LVEF<40%的HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,β受体阻滞剂<span style="color: black;">通常</span>应以小剂量<span style="color: black;">初始</span>,每2~4周递增,直至达到<span style="color: black;">目的</span>剂量或最大耐受剂量。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>,美托洛尔、比索洛尔和卡维地洛是三种<span style="color: black;">得到</span>指南<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>的用于心衰治疗的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,可降低心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>死亡率和(或)住院率。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">ACEI</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">ACEI是HFrEF的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>治疗。除非有禁忌证或<span style="color: black;">不可</span>耐受,所有心梗后HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>均应<span style="color: black;">运用</span>ACEI。ACEI在心梗后心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中的应用<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>从小剂量<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,在随访中<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>剂量,直至达到<span style="color: black;">目的</span>剂量或最大耐受剂量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">ARB</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">对ACEI治疗<span style="color: black;">不可</span>耐受的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,可换用ARB。常用<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>缬沙坦、氯沙坦、坎地沙坦等。<span style="color: black;">意见</span>ARB类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>从小剂量<span style="color: black;">初始</span>应用,逐步增至<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>剂量或可耐受的最大剂量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">ARNI</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">沙库巴曲缬沙坦是首个ARNI类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span>血管紧张素受体和脑啡肽酶起到阻滞AT1受体和<span style="color: black;">加强</span>利钠肽系统的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。急性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在血流动力学相对稳定后<span style="color: black;">初期</span>启用沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗有较好的可行性和安全性。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>NYHA心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ级、有症状的心梗后HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,若能够耐受ACEI或 ARB,可<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>以ARNI替代ACEI或ARB,以进一步改善预后。<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>耐受<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,沙库巴曲缬沙坦剂量应每2~4周倍增一次,直至达到每次200mg、2次/d的<span style="color: black;">目的</span>维持剂量。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">醛固酮受体拮抗剂</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">长时间</span>应用ACEI或ARB,存在醛固酮“逃逸现象”。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,在ACEI或ARB<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上加用醛固酮受体拮抗剂,有助于进一步<span style="color: black;">控制</span>醛固酮的有害<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,常用醛固酮拮抗剂有依普利酮和螺内酯。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>NYHA心功能Ⅱ~Ⅳ级、LVEF≤35%、已<span style="color: black;">运用</span>ACEI(或ARB 或ARNI)和β受体阻滞剂治疗、仍<span style="color: black;">连续</span>有症状的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,可加用醛固酮受体拮抗剂。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">伊伐布雷定</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">伊伐布雷定的<span style="color: black;">运用</span>能够改善HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>左心室功能和生活质量,使心血管死亡和心衰恶化住院的相对<span style="color: black;">危害</span>降低。在NYHA心功能Ⅱ~Ⅳ级、LVEF≤35%的窦性<span style="color: black;">心率</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>中,<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>ACEI(或ARB或ARNI)、β受体阻滞剂等<span style="color: black;">药品</span>规范治疗而心率仍≥70次/min(Ⅱa,B),或心率≥70次/min且对β受体阻滞剂禁忌或<span style="color: black;">不可</span>耐受者,<span style="color: black;">举荐</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>依伐布雷定。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">SGLT2</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">做为</span>一种新型降糖药,钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT2)<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂被证实<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>心血管<span style="color: black;">守护</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>。<span style="color: black;">针对</span>HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,应用达格列净可<span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低<span style="color: black;">重点</span>终点事件、全因死亡和心血管死亡<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在2022年AHA/ACC/HFSA心力衰竭管理指南中指出<span style="color: black;">针对</span>慢性稳定的HfmrEF和HfpEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,SGLT-2i均<span style="color: black;">得到</span>了Ⅱa类<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>,是<span style="color: black;">日前</span>HFmrEF和HFpEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗的最高<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>级别。进行该<span style="color: black;">举荐</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>基于Emperor-preserved<span style="color: black;">科研</span>,该<span style="color: black;">科研</span>结果<span style="color: black;">显示</span>恩格列净可<span style="color: black;">明显</span>减少HFpEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>心血管死亡或心力衰竭住院的复合终点事件。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他<span style="color: black;">药品</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">维利西呱(vericiguat)是一种口服的可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶激活剂,能<span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低心血管死亡或首次因心衰住院的复合终点事件<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>(降幅为10%),可为HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>带来获益。CK-1827452是一种可直接激活肌球蛋白的新型<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,<span style="color: black;">一样</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span>改善心功能的潜能。这些<span style="color: black;">药品</span>在心梗后心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中<span style="color: black;">运用</span>的有效性与安全性尚<span style="color: black;">必须</span>进一步<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其他<span style="color: black;">药品</span>如洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>、血管扩张剂(硝酸酯、肼屈嗪)、改善能量代谢<span style="color: black;">药品</span>(如曲美他嗪、辅酶Q<span style="color: black;">十、</span>左卡尼汀、磷酸肌酸等)<span style="color: black;">能够</span>改善慢性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的临床症状、心脏功能和生活质量,但对心梗后慢性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>和短期临床预后的影响尚<span style="color: black;">没</span>确切证据。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">总结</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心衰是心梗后的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>并发症,心梗后心衰的<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>死亡率和再入院率,并严重影响<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的生活质量,带来巨大的社会经济<span style="color: black;">包袱</span>。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>,中国心梗后心衰<span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">包袱</span>严重,<span style="color: black;">仅有</span><span style="color: black;">持续</span>加强临床医师对心梗后心衰的预防、诊断、治疗以及管理<span style="color: black;">认识</span>,<span style="color: black;">才可</span>在现有的诊疗手段<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上改善<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的临床<span style="color: black;">结果</span>。</p>
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