b1gc8v 发表于 2024-6-6 10:30:34

射血分数降低心力衰竭的9种药物治疗办法,一文总结!


    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">心力衰竭(以下简<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>“心衰”)是一种<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。2017年调查结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,<span style="color: black;">全世界</span><span style="color: black;">大概</span>心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>6434万例。中国高血压调查<span style="color: black;">科研</span>结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,估计我国<span style="color: black;">大概</span>890万例心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。人口老龄化的<span style="color: black;">发展</span>、不良生活方式的影响,都会<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">各样</span>心血管危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span>的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率<span style="color: black;">增多</span>。 </p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q1.itc.cn/images01/20240223/856f380c44b74547aa7e0196c9a538b3.jpeg" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">关联</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,我国住院心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中射血分数降低心力衰竭(HFrEF)的比例为35%~40%,该类型心衰的病因、治疗和预后<span style="color: black;">科研</span>较多,循证医学证据充分。本文将参考最新心衰<span style="color: black;">关联</span>文献,就HFrEF的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗知识点进行分享,<span style="color: black;">期盼</span>对临床<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>有所<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>利尿剂</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">利尿剂是HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的标准治疗中必不可少的部分,<span style="color: black;">恰当</span>应用利尿剂是心衰<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗的<span style="color: black;">基本</span>。首选袢利尿剂,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>呋塞米、托拉塞米和布美他尼(表1)。托伐普坦是精氨酸血管加压素的V2受体拮抗剂,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>排水<span style="color: black;">有害</span>钠的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,适用于心衰伴有顽固性水肿或低钠血症或肾功能损害的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">表1 常用袢利尿剂比较</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q5.itc.cn/images01/20240223/8a2af99cc8e04812ba0fd7f59b4b2759.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">包含</span>血管紧张素转换酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)和血管紧张素受体脑啡肽酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂(ARNI)3种。从小剂量<span style="color: black;">起始</span>,<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>加量,直到临床<span style="color: black;">科研</span>采用的靶剂量或<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的最大耐受剂量。<span style="color: black;">病人</span>由ACEI换用剂量相当的ARNI前<span style="color: black;">需求</span>血压稳定(收缩压>95 mmHg)且停用ACEI<span style="color: black;">最少</span>36 h,降低血管神经性水肿的<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">危害</span>;<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>ARB<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>直接换用剂量相当的ARNI。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">ACEI是被临床<span style="color: black;">科研</span>证实能降低HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>病死率的<span style="color: black;">第1</span>类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的全因死亡<span style="color: black;">危害</span>及心衰住院<span style="color: black;">危害</span>,不同种类ACEI<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">拥有</span>“类效应”。常用的RAS<span style="color: black;">药品</span>见表2。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">表2 常用肾素-血管紧张素系统<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂及其剂量</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q9.itc.cn/images01/20240223/f40a07fd74bf440e8df5a0b05d37005b.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;">β受体阻滞剂</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">β受体阻滞剂是第1种<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>心脏性猝死<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。<span style="color: black;">通常</span>从小剂量<span style="color: black;">初始</span>,每隔2~4周剂量递增1次,达到<span style="color: black;">目的</span>剂量或最大耐受剂量。晨起静息心率是<span style="color: black;">评定</span>心脏β受体有效阻滞的观察指标之一,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>静息心率降至50~60次/min的剂量为β受体阻滞剂应用的<span style="color: black;">目的</span>剂量或最大耐受剂量。常用β受体阻滞剂及其剂量见表3。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">表3 常用β受体阻滞剂及其剂量</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q6.itc.cn/images01/20240223/ccc20b0ebf41465cb473e1075cfc7e2b.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span>新型醛固酮受体拮抗剂或盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂(MRA)</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">临床<span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,在ACEI和β受体阻滞剂治疗<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上,应用MRA<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>全因死亡<span style="color: black;">危害</span>24%~30%,MRA是继β受体阻滞剂之后第2种<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>心脏性猝死<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。从小剂量<span style="color: black;">初始</span>,<span style="color: black;">逐步</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>剂量。螺内酯初始剂量为10~20 mg,1次/d,<span style="color: black;">目的</span>剂量20~40 mg,1次/d;依普利酮初始剂量为25 mg,1次/d,<span style="color: black;">目的</span>剂量50 mg,1次/d,服药过程中<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">定时</span>监测肾功能和血钾水平。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">5、</span>SGLT-2<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在指南<span style="color: black;">指点</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上应用达格列净(10 mg/d)治疗,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>心衰恶化或心血管死亡的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>复合终点<span style="color: black;">危害</span>26%,降低首次心衰恶化<span style="color: black;">危害</span>30%,降低全因死亡<span style="color: black;">危害</span>17%,降低心血管死亡<span style="color: black;">危害</span>18%。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">口服达格列净或恩格列净,<span style="color: black;">目的</span>剂量为10 mg/d,用药前纠正血容量不足,<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>基线血压、体质量、血容量及血糖等<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,<span style="color: black;">初始</span>治疗时<span style="color: black;">药品</span>剂量可酌情减半(5 mg/d),用药<span style="color: black;">时期</span>监测血压及肾功能。<span style="color: black;">重视</span>局部清洁,预防泌尿系和/或生殖系统感染。 </p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">6、</span>伊伐布雷定</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">窦性<span style="color: black;">心率</span>(心率≥70次/min)的HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>给予伊伐布雷定治疗,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低心衰恶化住院的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。最新<span style="color: black;">发布</span>的POSITIVE<span style="color: black;">科研</span>中期分析结果<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,在中国成人急性心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>中应用伊伐布雷定6个月,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的心率,改善心功能,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>生活质量。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">初始</span>剂量为2.5 mg,2次/d,2周后<span style="color: black;">按照</span>心率<span style="color: black;">调节</span>用量,最大剂量7.5 mg,2次/d。清晨静息心率<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>在60次/min<span style="color: black;">上下</span>,不宜<span style="color: black;">小于</span>55次/min。不良反应<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>心动过缓、光幻视(闪光现象),与剂量<span style="color: black;">关联</span>。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">7、</span>口服洋地黄类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>地高辛</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">LVEF≤45%的心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在常规<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上应用地高辛,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低心衰恶化住院<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。采用维持剂量法,即0.125~0.25 mg,1次/d,应该<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>监测心脏性猝死,维持在0.5~0.9 ng/ml。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">8、</span>维立西呱</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>有症状(NYHA心功能分级Ⅱ~Ⅳ级)、近期<span style="color: black;">出现</span>过心衰加重事件、LVEF<45%的心衰<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>在标准治疗<span style="color: black;">基本</span>上尽早加用维立西呱,以降低心血管死亡和心衰住院<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。<span style="color: black;">初始</span>剂量为2.5 mg,1次/d,2周<span style="color: black;">上下</span>加倍剂量,<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>耐受<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">调节</span>至合适的维持剂量,最大剂量为10 mg,1次/d。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">《国家心力衰竭指南2023》对以上8种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>意见见表4。 </p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">表4 HFrEF<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">举荐</span></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q8.itc.cn/images01/20240223/09b5348b0f3a42298e3aea6a973ea25d.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="//q3.itc.cn/images01/20240223/b24a39496d324018b9cc79dd15042b9c.png" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">注:ACEI为血管紧张素转换酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂,ARB为血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂,ARNI为血管紧张素受体脑啡肽酶<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂;HFrEF为射血分数降低的心力衰竭;LVEF为左心室射血分数;NYHA为纽约心脏协会;SGLT-2为钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白-2</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">9、</span>联合用药</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">日前</span><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">表示</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>降低慢性HFrEF<span style="color: black;">病人</span>全因或心血管死亡和心衰住院<span style="color: black;">危害</span>的治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span><strong style="color: blue;">ARNI/ACEI(或ARB)、β受体阻滞剂、MRA及SGLT-2<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂4类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为“新四联”</strong>。HFrEF一线治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>从“金三角”到“新三角”,再到“新四联”,“心脏-肾脏-代谢轴”<span style="color: black;">作为</span>心衰<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>方向。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>针对<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期HFrEF或慢性心衰加重<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,多种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>和治疗方式可在<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程度上<span style="color: black;">加强</span>生活质量或缓解临床症状,但首要终点事件并未改善。参考欧洲、美国、加拿大3个国家和地区的指南,“新四联”<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">作为</span>我国HFrEF治疗首选一线<span style="color: black;">方法</span>,<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>可能存在差异。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">举荐</span>在血液动力学稳定并且<span style="color: black;">没</span>禁忌证<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下,尽早、小剂量、<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">起步</span>"新四联”<span style="color: black;">药品</span>;<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>耐受"新四联”<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">起步</span>,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>个体<span style="color: black;">状况</span>和<span style="color: black;">药品</span>特点个体化<span style="color: black;">选取</span>1~2种<span style="color: black;">药品</span>先<span style="color: black;">起步</span>,<span style="color: black;">而后</span><span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的耐受<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,在4~6周内序贯<span style="color: black;">起步</span>“新四联”<span style="color: black;">药品</span>。<span style="color: black;">起步</span>“新四联”<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗后应<span style="color: black;">按照</span>血压、心率等生命体征及肾功能、血钾等指标,<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>的耐受性,滴定剂量至靶剂量或最大耐受剂量。</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">参考文献</strong></p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">国家心血管病中心,国家心血管病专家委员会心力衰竭专业委员会,中国医师协会心力衰竭专业委员会,等.国家心力衰竭指南2023.中华心力衰竭和心肌病杂志,2023,7(4):215-311.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">臧雁翔,李为民.从《2022年美国心脏协会/美国心脏病学会/美国心力衰竭协会心力衰竭管理指南》看心力衰竭治疗和管理.中华心血管病杂志(网络版),2022,05(1):1-7.</p>
    <p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">中国老年医学学会心电及心功能分会,中国医师协会心血管内科分会,中国心力衰竭中心联盟专家委员会.慢性心力衰竭加重<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的综合管理中国专家共识2022.中国循环杂志,2022,37(3):215-225.</p>
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星☆雨 发表于 2024-9-9 14:01:12

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nqkk58 发表于 2024-10-8 04:01:07

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1fy07h 发表于 2024-10-10 22:29:24

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