果园管家秘策:平衡化管理全揭秘!
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">果园管家秘策:<span style="color: black;">平衡</span>化管理全揭秘!</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">于璐</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">果树的生产周期长,管理程序<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>,技术<span style="color: black;">需求</span>高,易遭受自然灾害。笔者<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>在生产一线<span style="color: black;">指点</span>,<span style="color: black;">累积</span>了部分果树的<span style="color: black;">平衡</span>化管理经验,现介绍如下。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>减小日灼影响</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(一)果树<span style="color: black;">出现</span>日灼现象</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">高温天气是果园管理面临的严峻考验,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>要适当<span style="color: black;">调节</span>果园管理<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,及早预防并对症管控。当<span style="color: black;">连续</span>多天日均温度在 30℃以上时,对大多果树<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,属于极端高温天气,当树体失水量大于补水量时,会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>叶片和果实<span style="color: black;">出现</span>日灼,叶片<span style="color: black;">显现</span>焦枯。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(二)<span style="color: black;">显现</span>日灼的<span style="color: black;">原由</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1. 土壤干旱。果园土壤过于干旱,叶面,果面蒸腾量大,根系无水可供,会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>日灼。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2. <span style="color: black;">呼气</span>能力差。土壤缺水后,浇水量过大,会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>根系<span style="color: black;">没法</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>,吸水能力变差。高温天气,供水量<span style="color: black;">少于</span>叶面和果实的蒸腾量,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">出现</span>日灼。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(三)日灼防治<span style="color: black;">办法</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1. 保持土壤适宜的含水量。土壤<span style="color: black;">不可</span>过干或过湿,在高温天气来临前,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>给果园浅浇水或隔行浇水,能有效减少日灼现象的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。<span style="color: black;">另一</span>,在浇水时,要避开<span style="color: black;">晌午</span>高温时段,以早晚浇水为宜。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2. 预防地面高温<span style="color: black;">损伤</span>。<span style="color: black;">能够</span>适量喷水,减小高温对树体的<span style="color: black;">损伤</span>。在果实膨大期,若土壤含水量<span style="color: black;">小于</span>田间持水量的 65% 时,应<span style="color: black;">即时</span>灌水,地面<span style="color: black;">露出</span>的新建园每隔 7~10 d 灌水 1 次,果园生草或覆草的果园可每隔15~20 d 灌水 1 次。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,严禁在高温时段灌水,在太阳落山后或<span style="color: black;">夜晚</span>灌水最好。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3. 果园人工生草或自然生草。人工生草<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>黑麦草绅士、高羊茅王朝和鼠茅草等品种。高温季节,在人工生草或自然生草果园,应待草品种长至30 cm高后,刈割覆盖还田,变为有机肥,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>土壤有机质含量。<span style="color: black;">经过</span>果园生草循环生长、反复覆盖,可使果园在夏季高温时<span style="color: black;">保准</span>地面有绿色植物覆盖,<span style="color: black;">守护</span>根系不受<span style="color: black;">损伤</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">4.树盘覆盖。覆盖材料<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>秸秆、杂草、花生壳、锯末等。覆草前,先整好树盘,浇 1 次透水或等下透雨后再进行覆草。覆盖未经初步腐熟的草类时,要适量施速效氮肥,或覆草后浇施腐熟的人粪尿,防止鲜草腐熟<span style="color: black;">导致</span>土壤短期脱氮、叶片发黄。覆草厚度以 15~20 cm为宜。黏土地覆草时,应与起垄排水相结合,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>果园土壤积水、<span style="color: black;">导致</span>旺长或烂根。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,树干<span style="color: black;">周边</span> 50 cm <span style="color: black;">上下</span>不宜覆草,防止积水影响根茎透气。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span><span style="color: black;">理学</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>应用</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(一)频振式杀虫灯诱杀害虫</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">利用害虫的趋光、趋波、趋色等特性,<span style="color: black;">选择</span>对害虫有诱杀<span style="color: black;">功效</span>的光源、波长和波段引诱害虫,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>杀虫灯上的高压电网消灭害虫。杀虫灯光谱范围较广,一盏频振式杀虫灯可防控 20 000 m 2 <span style="color: black;">上下</span>的果园,自动开关状态的时间<span style="color: black;">通常</span>在 19:30 <span style="color: black;">上下</span>到<span style="color: black;">次日</span> 6:00 <span style="color: black;">上下</span>。对果园<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的鳞翅目和鞘翅目害虫诱杀效果<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,如金纹细蛾、潜叶蛾、潜叶蝇、美洲斑潜蝇、白粉虱、菜青虫、小菜蛾、棉铃虫、蝽象、食心虫等。<span style="color: black;">实验</span>数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,杀虫灯<span style="color: black;">每日</span>可消灭害虫 0.5 <span style="color: black;">公斤</span>,随着时间的推移,虫害会<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>减少。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(二)清园</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">冬春结合果园生产,剪除病虫枝,刮除树干老翘皮、粗皮及腐烂病斑 , 彻底清理果园 , 将修剪的枯枝、落叶、杂草和病僵果等带出园外集中烧毁。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(三)树干涂白</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">树干涂白<span style="color: black;">通常</span>在冬至后,落叶后至土壤结冻前进行。涂白的部位以主干和主枝基部为主。幼树、树冠不完整的大树、病树 , 树干的南面及枝杈向阳处应重点涂白 ,枝梢不涂。涂白剂的配制占<span style="color: black;">例如</span>下:水4 <span style="color: black;">公斤</span>、生石灰0.5 <span style="color: black;">公斤</span>、食盐 0.2 <span style="color: black;">公斤</span>、石硫合剂原液 0.5 <span style="color: black;">公斤</span>、食用油 0.1 <span style="color: black;">公斤</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>科学施肥</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(一)树冠外围施入</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">苹果、梨、桃、杏等果树水平根多分布在 3~4 m的土壤内,垂直根系分布在 60 cm 的土壤内。果树开沟或挖穴施肥离树干的距离应在树冠垂直投影的外缘,盛果期的大树可在行中施入,两行兼用。施入深度为30~40 cm,该区域根系占 60%~80%,有利于根系吸收,养分利用率高。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(二)把握施肥关键期</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span>观察树势、分析土壤养分、叶诊断等<span style="color: black;">办法</span>确定基肥和追肥施入时间。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1. 基肥。<span style="color: black;">按照</span>果树<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的生长<span style="color: black;">生长</span><span style="color: black;">周期</span>、树种、品种等<span style="color: black;">原因</span>确定施肥时期。基本原则应早施(秋分前后),结果树在采收后施基肥,果树被切断的根系能<span style="color: black;">快速</span>愈合,生出新根,对翌年前期的生长、开花、坐果<span style="color: black;">非常</span>有利。北方落叶果树基肥<span style="color: black;">通常</span>在果实采收后或采果前施入。采果后或果实成熟后期施入基肥,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>改善果树叶片的光合<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>果实品质和树体储存营养水平,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>树体的抗逆能力。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2. 追肥。幼树在春梢停止生长前和秋梢停止生长后施肥效果最好。前期施肥有利于短枝<span style="color: black;">生长</span>和顶花芽的形成,还能避免秋季贪青徒长,全年追肥 2~3 次<span style="color: black;">就可</span>。树势弱时,应追施有机肥、氮肥,采用地面追肥和叶面喷肥,可提前施入;树势较强时,可延迟施入;落叶较早的树种、品种可适当提前追施。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3. 施肥量原则。幼龄树施入量应<span style="color: black;">小于</span>成龄大树;未结果或初结果期的树施入量<span style="color: black;">小于</span>盛果期的树。盛果期的树应在花前、花后、生理落果后或果实膨大期分次追肥。秋施基肥时,发酵厩肥施入量<span style="color: black;">通常</span>不<span style="color: black;">小于</span>2000 <span style="color: black;">公斤</span>·hm -2 ,复合肥、微肥等混合于基肥中施入,磷酸二铵、硫酸钾等复合肥<span style="color: black;">做为</span>追肥,应<span style="color: black;">按照</span>果树<span style="color: black;">区别</span>的生长<span style="color: black;">生长</span><span style="color: black;">周期</span>分次追施。叶面喷肥应<span style="color: black;">按照</span>施基肥量多少和果树各生长<span style="color: black;">周期</span>需肥规律及特点等进行综合分析。例如,施基肥不足,要在果树生长期多喷施以氮、磷、钾为主的叶面肥;<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>施基肥较足时,应多喷施以微量元素为主的叶面肥。为<span style="color: black;">加强</span>坐果率,在花期应喷施硼肥;为<span style="color: black;">加强</span>果实的含糖量和促进着色,在果实膨大期至成熟前,应多喷施磷肥、钾肥;为防治黄叶病,应<span style="color: black;">即时</span>喷施铁肥;为防治苦痘病,应喷施瑞培钙 2000倍液。<span style="color: black;">实验</span>数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,<span style="color: black;">都数</span>果树在萌芽前和采果后喷施尿素浓度为 2%~4%,在萌芽后至果实着色前喷施浓度为 0.3%~0.5%。喷硼肥、锰肥和磷酸二氢钾浓度为0.2%~0.3%。喷氨基酸复合肥、复合微肥等为 300~600倍液。喷施一种肥<span style="color: black;">通常</span>为 2 次<span style="color: black;">上下</span>,每次间隔 8~12 d。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span>综合技术<span style="color: black;">办法</span>应用</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(一)营养生<span style="color: black;">长时间</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">营养生<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>的管理<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>有摘心、扭梢。新梢生长势头过旺,常常会影响坐果,这是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>树体里所储藏的营养多用于新梢生长。苹果常用摘心、扭梢方式延缓生长,<span style="color: black;">促进</span>养分集中,利于花芽形成。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(二)花果期</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">花果期<span style="color: black;">重点</span>管理<span style="color: black;">办法</span>有辅助授粉、疏花疏果。果园内多<span style="color: black;">经过</span>放蜂、<span style="color: black;">安置</span>壁蜂等方式辅助授粉,<span style="color: black;">从而</span><span style="color: black;">加强</span>坐果率,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>果实内种子数目,减少生理落果现象<span style="color: black;">出现</span>。做好疏花疏果工作,<span style="color: black;">保准</span>叶片与果实之间的距离达到<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的比例,可减少二次落果,促果<span style="color: black;">成长</span>、<span style="color: black;">提高</span>品质。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>避免<span style="color: black;">体积</span>年现象的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,延长结果年限。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">(三)生殖生<span style="color: black;">长时间</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">生殖生<span style="color: black;">长时间</span><span style="color: black;">重点</span>管理<span style="color: black;">办法</span>有套袋、摘叶、转果和铺反光膜等。套袋是为了减少农药污染、<span style="color: black;">增多</span>着色、果面光洁、外型美观,<span style="color: black;">保证</span>卖相和果品质量安全。<span style="color: black;">通常</span>采用里层为红色、外层内面为黑色的双色纸袋,取袋时要分层取,先去除外层纸袋,每隔 7~10 d 后再去除里层袋。果实取掉纸袋后,接受阳光,适时摘除对果实遮阴的树叶。摘叶时间不可过早,防止降低糖度和花芽分化不充实。当果实阳面着色后,应转动果实,阴面向阳,让果实全面着色。苹果取袋后树下铺反光膜是正在普及的新技术,利用银色薄膜的反射光使果实下部着色,<span style="color: black;">保证</span>苹果卖相和质量。</p>
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