零基本不晓得怎么样做Python爬虫,这是一份简单入门的教程!
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">随着互联网的数据爆炸式增长,而利用Python爬虫<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>获取<span style="color: black;">海量</span>有价值的数据:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">1.爬取数据,进行市场调研和<span style="color: black;">商场</span>分析</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">爬取知乎<span style="color: black;">优秀</span>答案,筛选各<span style="color: black;">专题</span>下最<span style="color: black;">优秀</span>的内容; 抓取房产网站买卖信息,分析房价变化趋势、做<span style="color: black;">区别</span>区域的房价分析;爬取招聘网站职位信息,分析各行业人才需求<span style="color: black;">状况</span>及薪资水平。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">2.<span style="color: black;">做为</span><span style="color: black;">设备</span>学习、数据挖掘的原始数据</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">例如</span>你要做一个<span style="color: black;">举荐</span>系统,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>你<span style="color: black;">能够</span>去爬取<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>维度的数据,做出更好的模型。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">3.爬取<span style="color: black;">优秀</span>的资源:<span style="color: black;">照片</span>、文本、视频</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">爬取商品的评论以及<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">照片</span>网站,<span style="color: black;">得到</span><span style="color: black;">照片</span>资源以及评论文本数据。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">把握</span>正确的<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,在<span style="color: black;">短期</span>内做到能够爬取主流网站的数据,其实非常容易实现。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/152984433170183a8294602~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890841&x-signature=%2BIdQBHc1MAyj7Iaer9AClHyi8yk%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>来<span style="color: black;">认识</span>爬虫的基本原理及过程</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大部分爬虫都是按“发送请求——<span style="color: black;">得到</span>页面——解析页面——抽取并储存内容”<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的流程来进行,这其实<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是模拟了<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>浏览器获取网页信息的过程。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">简单<span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>向服务器发送请求后,会得到返回的页面,<span style="color: black;">经过</span>解析页面之后,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>抽取<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>想要的那部分信息,并存储在指定的文档或数据库中。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在这部分你<span style="color: black;">能够</span>简单<span style="color: black;">认识</span> HTTP 协议及网页<span style="color: black;">基本</span>知识,<span style="color: black;">例如</span> POSTGET、HTML、CSS、JS,简单<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">就可</span>,不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>系统学习。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">学习 Python 包并实现基本的爬虫过程</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python中爬虫<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的包<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>:urllib、requests、bs4、scrapy、pyspider 等,<span style="color: black;">意见</span>你从requests+Xpath <span style="color: black;">起始</span>,requests 负责连接网站,返回网页,Xpath 用于解析网页,便于抽取数据。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">倘若</span>你用过 BeautifulSoup,会<span style="color: black;">发掘</span> Xpath 要省事不少,一层一层<span style="color: black;">检测</span>元素代码的工作,全都省略了。<span style="color: black;">把握</span>之后,你会<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>爬虫的基本<span style="color: black;">招数</span>都差不多,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>的静态网站<span style="color: black;">基本</span>不在话下,小猪、豆瓣、糗事百科、腾讯<span style="color: black;">资讯</span>等基本上都<span style="color: black;">能够</span>上手了。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/1529844489795f6666d56f7~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890841&x-signature=NKR4d8O8pPEWp2uzkOqWLIo5D0A%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: blue;">存数据</strong></h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">首要</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>存数据,是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>在初期学习的时候,接触的少,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>太过于关注,随着学习的慢慢深入,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">保留</span>大批量的数据的时候,就<span style="color: black;">必须</span>去学习数据库的<span style="color: black;">关联</span>知识了!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">初期,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>抓到<span style="color: black;">必须</span>的内容后,只<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">保留</span>到本地,无非<span style="color: black;">保留</span>到文档、表格(excel)等等几个<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,<span style="color: black;">这儿</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>只<span style="color: black;">必须</span><span style="color: black;">把握</span>with语句就基本<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">保准</span>需求了。大概是<span style="color: black;">这般</span>的:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">with open(路径以及文件名,<span style="color: black;">保留</span>模式) as f:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">f.write(数据)#<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是文本可直接写入,<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>是其他文件,数据为二进制模式更好</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当然<span style="color: black;">保留</span>到excel表格<span style="color: black;">或</span>word文档<span style="color: black;">必须</span>用到 xlwt库(excel)、python-docx库(word),这个在网上<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>,<span style="color: black;">大众</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">自动</span>去学习。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/152984453610631d1377aad~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890841&x-signature=bs6YUsO5wT1lFxhjiDLdsSqn5Dk%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: blue;">取数据</strong></h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">说了这么多,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>说主题。怎么来抓取<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>想要的数据呢?<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>一步步的来!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">所说</span>的取网页内容,指的是<span style="color: black;">经过</span>Python脚本实现<span style="color: black;">拜访</span>某个URL<span style="color: black;">位置</span>(请求数据),<span style="color: black;">而后</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>其所返回的内容(HTML源码,Json格式的字符串等)。<span style="color: black;">而后</span><span style="color: black;">经过</span>解析规则(页面解析),分析出<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>的数据并取(内容匹配)出来。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">在python中实现爬虫非常方便,有<span style="color: black;">海量</span>的库<span style="color: black;">能够</span>满足<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的需求,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>先用requests库取一个url(网页)的源码</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">import requests#导入库</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">url = 你的<span style="color: black;">目的</span>网址</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">response = requests.get(url) #请求数据</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">print(response.text) #打印出数据的文本内容</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这几行代码就<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">得到</span>网页的源代码,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>有时候<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>面会有乱码,<span style="color: black;">为何</span>呢?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">由于</span>中文网站中<span style="color: black;">包括</span>中文,而终端不支持gbk编码,<span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>在打印时<span style="color: black;">必须</span>把中文从gbk格式转为终端支持的编码,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>为utf-8编码。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">因此</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>在打印response之前,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>对它进行编码的指定(<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>直接指定代码<span style="color: black;">表示</span>的编码格式为网页本身的编码格式,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>utf-8,网页编码格式<span style="color: black;">通常</span>都在源代码中的<meta>标签下的charset属性中指定)。加上一行<span style="color: black;">就可</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">response.encode = utf-8 #指定编码格式</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">至此,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>获取了网页的源代码,接下来<span style="color: black;">便是</span>在乱七八糟的源代码中找到<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>的内容,<span style="color: black;">这儿</span>就<span style="color: black;">必须</span>用到<span style="color: black;">各样</span>匹配方式了,常用的几种方式有:正则表达式(re库),bs4(Beautifulsoup4库),xpath(lxml库)!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">意见</span><span style="color: black;">大众</span>从正则<span style="color: black;">起始</span>学习,最后<span style="color: black;">必定</span>要<span style="color: black;">瞧瞧</span>xpath,这个在爬虫框架scrapy中用的<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>!</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">各样</span>匹配方式找到<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的内容后(<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:<span style="color: black;">通常</span>匹配出来的是列表),就到了上面所说的存数据的<span style="color: black;">周期</span>了,这就完<span style="color: black;">成为了</span>一个简单的爬虫!</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/15298445959857bd8502b2b~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890841&x-signature=vGw6XYj0I6QI329hX8jW%2B3TXHZY%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当然了,在<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span>写代码的时候,会<span style="color: black;">发掘</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>上面<span style="color: black;">无</span>说到的内容,<span style="color: black;">例如</span></p>获取源代码的时候遇到反爬,<span style="color: black;">基本</span>获取不到数据有的网站<span style="color: black;">必须</span>登录后才<span style="color: black;">能够</span>拿到内容遇到验证码获取到内容后写入文件出错<span style="color: black;">怎么样</span>来设计循环,获取大批量的内容<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>整站爬虫<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">剩下的<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>再来慢慢的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>。</p>
<h1 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="color: blue;">总结</strong></h1>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://p26-sign.toutiaoimg.com/pgc-image/1529844662335a6eb7ca7f9~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&lk3s=953192f4&x-expires=1723890841&x-signature=y85lVLBFW8hU8%2BDe6fpNDph6CtE%3D" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">Python爬虫这种技术,既不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>你系统地精通一门语言,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不<span style="color: black;">必须</span>多么高深的数据库技术,<span style="color: black;">有效</span>的姿势<span style="color: black;">便是</span>从<span style="color: black;">实质</span>的项目中去学习这些零散的知识点,你能<span style="color: black;">保准</span>每次学到的都是最<span style="color: black;">必须</span>的那部分。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">当然<span style="color: black;">独一</span>麻烦的是,在<span style="color: black;">详细</span>的问题中,<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>找到<span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>的那部分学习资源、<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>筛选和甄别,是<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>初学者面临的一个大问题。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">分享 IT 技术和行业经验,请关注-</strong><a style="color: black;">技术学派</a><strong style="color: blue;">。</strong></p>
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