甲状腺癌的归类以及高危人群
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲状腺癌(Thyroid Cancer)是一种起源于甲状腺滤泡上皮或滤泡旁上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是头颈部最为<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的恶性肿瘤。近年来,<span style="color: black;">全世界</span>范围内甲状腺癌的发病率增长<span style="color: black;">快速</span>,据全国肿瘤登记中心的数据<span style="color: black;">表示</span>,我国城市地区女性甲状腺癌发病率位居女性所有恶性肿瘤的第4位。我国甲状腺癌将以每年20%的速度<span style="color: black;">连续</span>增长。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1、甲状腺癌的<span style="color: black;">归类</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>肿瘤起源及分化差异,甲状腺癌又分为:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)、</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲状腺滤泡癌(follicular thyroid carcinoma,FTC)、</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲状腺髓样癌(medullary thyroid carcinoma,MTC)、</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲状腺未分化癌(anaplastic thyroid cancer,ATC),</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其中PTC最为<span style="color: black;">平常</span>,约占<span style="color: black;">所有</span>甲状腺癌的85%~90%,而PTC和FTC合<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC)。不同病理类型的甲状腺癌,在其发病机制、生物学<span style="color: black;">行径</span>、组织学形态、临床表现、治疗<span style="color: black;">办法</span>以及预后等方面均有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>不同。DTC生物<span style="color: black;">行径</span>温和,预后较好。ATC的恶性程度极高,中位<span style="color: black;">存活</span>时间仅7~10个月。MTC的预后居于两者之间。</p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-21bb587a598bd4bcf71ddc385fc888ec_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2、<span style="color: black;">那些</span>人是甲状腺癌的高危人群?</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">有如下病史时<span style="color: black;">必须</span>高度<span style="color: black;">警觉</span>甲状腺癌,尽早进行筛查:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">①童年期头颈部放射线照射史或放射性尘埃接触史;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">②全身放射治疗史;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">③DTC、MTC或多发性内分泌腺瘤病2型(MEN2型)、家族性多发性息肉病、某些甲状腺癌<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>[如多发性错构瘤<span style="color: black;">综合症</span> (multiple hamartoma syndrome)、Carney<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>、沃纳<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>(Werner syndrome)和加德纳<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>(Gardner syndrome)]等的既往史或家族史。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3、甲状腺癌的临床表现</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">a.症状</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>甲状腺结节<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>临床症状。<span style="color: black;">一般</span>在体检时<span style="color: black;">经过</span>甲状腺触诊和颈部超声<span style="color: black;">检测</span>而<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>甲状腺小肿块。合并甲状腺功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span>时可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>相应的临床表现,如甲状腺功能亢进或甲状腺功能<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>。晚期局部肿块<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>压迫症状,常可压迫气管、食管,使气管、食管移位。肿瘤局部侵犯重时可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>声音嘶哑、吞咽困难或交感神经受压<span style="color: black;">导致</span>霍纳<span style="color: black;">综合症</span>(Horner syndrome),侵犯颈丛可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>耳、枕、肩等处<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>等症状。颈淋巴结转移<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的颈部肿块在未分化癌<span style="color: black;">出现</span>较早。髓样癌<span style="color: black;">因为</span>肿瘤本身可产生降钙素和5-羟色胺,可<span style="color: black;">导致</span>腹泻、心悸、面色潮红等症状。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">b.体征</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲状腺癌体征<span style="color: black;">重点</span>为甲状腺肿大或结节,结节形状不规则、与<span style="color: black;">周边</span>组织粘连固定,并<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>增大,质地硬,边界不清,初起可随吞咽运动上下移动,后期多<span style="color: black;">不可</span>移动。若伴颈部淋巴结转移,可触诊颈部淋巴结肿大。</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">c.侵犯和转移</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(1)局部侵犯:甲状腺癌局部可侵犯喉返神经、气管、食管、环状软骨及喉,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>可向椎前组织侵犯,向外侧可侵犯至颈鞘内的颈内静脉、迷走神经或颈总动脉。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(2)区域淋巴结转移:PTC易<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>区域淋巴转移,大部分PTC<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在确诊时已存在颈淋巴转移。PTC 淋巴结转移<span style="color: black;">平常</span>原发灶同侧、沿淋巴引流路径逐站转移,其淋巴引流<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">首要</span>至气管旁淋巴结,<span style="color: black;">而后</span>引流至颈静脉链淋巴结(Ⅱ~Ⅳ区)和颈后区淋巴结(Ⅴ区),或沿气管旁向下至上纵隔(Ⅶ区)。Ⅵ区为最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>转移部位,随后依次为颈Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ区。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,PTC 淋巴结转移以多区转移为主,仅单区转移较少见。Ⅰ区淋巴转移少见(<3%)。少见的淋巴结转移部位有咽后或咽旁淋巴结</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">(3)远处转移:肺部是甲状腺癌<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的远处转移器官,甲状腺癌<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>骨转移和颅内转移。分化型甲状腺癌较未分化甲状腺癌或分化差的甲状腺<span style="color: black;">显现</span>远处器官转移的可能性低。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲状腺癌的筛查<span style="color: black;">意见</span>和预防<span style="color: black;">意见</span></p>
<div style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-63f12d2cecc863a1105f7913e9cc50e2_720w.webp" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></div>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">参考资料:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">甲状腺癌诊疗规范(2018年版)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2020版《居民<span style="color: black;">平常</span>恶性肿瘤筛查和预防<span style="color: black;">举荐</span></p>
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