内科护理学 | 血液系统疾患病人平常症状体征的护理
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span>或<span style="color: black;">流血</span>倾向</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">流血</span>(bleeding,haemorrhage)或<span style="color: black;">流血</span>倾向,是血液病和/或累及血液系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的体征之一。</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">重点</span>与机体血小板数目减少及其功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span>、毛细血管脆性或通透性<span style="color: black;">增多</span>、<span style="color: black;">血液</span>中凝血因子缺乏以及循环血液中抗凝血物质<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>。病人多表现为自发性<span style="color: black;">流血</span>或轻度受伤后<span style="color: black;">流血</span>不止。<span style="color: black;">流血</span>部位可遍及全身,以皮肤、牙龈及鼻腔<span style="color: black;">流血</span>最为多见。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,还可<span style="color: black;">出现</span>关节腔、肌肉和眼底<span style="color: black;">流血</span>。内脏<span style="color: black;">流血</span>多为重症,可表现为消化道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>(呕血、便血)、泌尿道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>(血尿)及女性生殖道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>(<span style="color: black;">大姨妈</span><span style="color: black;">太多</span>)等,严重者可<span style="color: black;">出现</span>颅内<span style="color: black;">流血</span>而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>死亡。<span style="color: black;">平常</span>于:①血液系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>,如原发免疫性血小板减少症、急性白血病、再生<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>性贫血、过敏性紫癜与血友病等;②非血液系统<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>或某些急性传<span style="color: black;">患病</span>,如重症肝病、尿毒症、流行性脑膜炎、钩端螺旋体病、登革热及肾<span style="color: black;">综合症</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span>热等;③其他,如毒蛇咬伤、水蛭咬伤、抗凝血药或溶栓药过量等。其中血管脆性<span style="color: black;">增多</span>及血小板<span style="color: black;">反常</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">流血</span>多表现为皮肤、黏膜瘀点、紫癜和/或瘀斑,如过敏性紫癜、原发免疫性血小板减少症;凝血因子缺乏<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">流血</span>常以关节腔<span style="color: black;">流血</span>或软组织血肿为特征,如血友病。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【护理<span style="color: black;">评定</span>】</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.病史 <span style="color: black;">重视</span>询问病人<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现形式,<span style="color: black;">出现</span>的急缓、<span style="color: black;">重点</span>部位与范围;有<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">知道</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>或</span><span style="color: black;">诱因;有<span style="color: black;">没</span>内脏<span style="color: black;">流血</span>及其严重程度;女性病人的<span style="color: black;">大姨妈</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>,有<span style="color: black;">没</span>经量<span style="color: black;">太多</span>或淋漓不尽;有<span style="color: black;">没</span>诱发颅内<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的危险<span style="color: black;">原因</span>(<span style="color: black;">心情</span>激动、<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>欠佳、高热、便秘及高血压等)及颅内<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的<span style="color: black;">初期</span>表现(如突发头痛);<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">伴同</span>症状与体征;个人或家族中有<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>病史或类似病史;<span style="color: black;">流血</span>后病人的心理反应等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.身体<span style="color: black;">评定</span> 重点<span style="color: black;">评定</span>有<span style="color: black;">没</span>与<span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">关联</span>的体征及特点。<span style="color: black;">包含</span>有<span style="color: black;">没</span>皮肤、黏膜瘀点、紫癜或瘀斑,其数目、<span style="color: black;">体积</span>及分布<span style="color: black;">状况</span>;有<span style="color: black;">没</span>鼻腔黏膜与牙龈<span style="color: black;">流血</span>;有<span style="color: black;">没</span>局部黏膜血疱形成(局部黏膜血疱形成是严重出血倾向的征兆之一);有<span style="color: black;">没</span>伤口渗血;关节有<span style="color: black;">没</span>肿胀、压痛、畸形及其功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>等。<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">同期</span>或突发主诉有头痛的病人,要<span style="color: black;">重视</span><span style="color: black;">检测</span>瞳孔的形状、<span style="color: black;">体积</span>、对光反射<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>存在,有<span style="color: black;">没</span>脑膜刺激征及其生命体征与<span style="color: black;">认识</span>状态的变化。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3.实验室及其他<span style="color: black;">检测</span> 有<span style="color: black;">没</span>血小板计数减少、凝血时间延长、束臂<span style="color: black;">实验</span>阳性、凝血因子缺乏等<span style="color: black;">反常</span>变化。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【常用护理诊断/问题】</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.有<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的危险 与血小板数量减少及其功能<span style="color: black;">反常</span>、凝血因子缺乏<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.恐惧 与<span style="color: black;">流血</span>量大或反复<span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【<span style="color: black;">目的</span>】</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.病人不<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span>或<span style="color: black;">流血</span>能被<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,并得到有效的处理。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.恐惧程度减轻或消除。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【护理<span style="color: black;">办法</span>及依据】</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">1.有<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的危险</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)病情观察:<span style="color: black;">重视</span>观察病人<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>部位、<span style="color: black;">重点</span>表现形式、发展或消退<span style="color: black;">状况</span>;<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>新的<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、重症<span style="color: black;">流血</span>及其先兆,并应结合病人的<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>及<span style="color: black;">关联</span>实验室或其他辅助<span style="color: black;">检测</span>结果,作出正确的临床判断,以利于<span style="color: black;">即时</span>护理与<span style="color: black;">救治</span><span style="color: black;">协同</span>。如急性早幼粒细胞白血病(M3)是<span style="color: black;">流血</span>倾向最<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的一种白血病,当血小板计数<span style="color: black;">小于</span>20x10°/L,可<span style="color: black;">出现</span>严重的自发性<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>是内脏<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>是致命性的颅内出血。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,高热、失眠、<span style="color: black;">心情</span>波动等均可<span style="color: black;">增多</span>病人<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>颅内<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的<span style="color: black;">危害</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)<span style="color: black;">通常</span>护理:为了避免<span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span>的危险或加重<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,应做好病人的<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>与<span style="color: black;">膳食</span><span style="color: black;">指点</span>,保持<span style="color: black;">体积</span>便通畅。若<span style="color: black;">流血</span>仅局限于皮肤、黏膜,<span style="color: black;">没</span>须太多限制;若血小板计数<50x10°/L,应减少活动,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>卧床<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>时间;严重<span style="color: black;">流血</span>或血小板计数<20x10°/L者,<span style="color: black;">必要</span>绝对卧床<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>,<span style="color: black;">帮助</span>做好<span style="color: black;">各样</span>生活护理。鼓励病人<span style="color: black;">摄食</span>高蛋白、高维生素、适量纤维、易消化的软食或半流质,禁食过硬、粗糙的<span style="color: black;">食品</span>。便秘者可酌情<span style="color: black;">运用</span>开塞露或缓泻药,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>排便时过于用力、腹压骤增而诱发内脏<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,尤其颅内<span style="color: black;">流血</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)皮肤<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的预防与护理:重点在于避免人为的<span style="color: black;">损害</span>而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>或加重<span style="color: black;">流血</span>。保持床单平整,衣着轻软、宽松;避免肢体的碰撞或外伤。沐浴或清洗时,避免水温过高和过于用力擦洗皮肤;勤剪指甲,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>抓伤皮肤。高热病人禁用酒精或温水拭浴降温。各项护理操作动作轻柔;尽可能减少注射次数;静脉穿刺时,应避免用力拍打及揉擦局部,结扎压脉带不宜过紧和时间过长;注射或穿刺部位后需适当延长按压时间,必要时局部加压包扎。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,注射或穿刺部位应交替<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,以防局部血肿形成。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(4)鼻<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的预防与护理:①防止鼻黏膜干燥而<span style="color: black;">流血</span>。保持室内相对湿度在50%~60%,秋冬季节可局部<span style="color: black;">运用</span>液状石蜡或抗生素眼膏。②避免人为诱发<span style="color: black;">流血</span>。<span style="color: black;">指点</span>病人勿用力擤鼻,以防止鼻腔内压力增大而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>毛细血管破裂<span style="color: black;">流血</span>或渗血;避免用手抠鼻痂和外力撞击鼻部。③少量<span style="color: black;">流血</span>时,可用棉球或明胶海绵填塞,<span style="color: black;">没</span>效者可用0.1%肾上腺素棉球或凝血酶棉球填塞,并局部冷敷。<span style="color: black;">流血</span>严重时,尤其是后鼻腔<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,可用凡士林油纱条行后鼻腔填塞术,术后<span style="color: black;">按时</span>用<span style="color: black;">没</span>菌液状石蜡滴人,以保持黏膜湿润,3天后可轻轻取出油纱条,若仍<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,需更换油纱条再予以重复填塞。<span style="color: black;">因为</span>行后鼻腔填塞术后,病</span><span style="color: black;">人常被迫张口<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>,应加强口腔护理,保持口腔湿润,<span style="color: black;">增多</span>病人舒适感,并可避免局部感染。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(5)口腔、牙龈<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的预防与护理:为防止牙龈和口腔黏膜<span style="color: black;">损害</span>而<span style="color: black;">引起</span>或加重局部<span style="color: black;">流血</span>,应<span style="color: black;">指点</span>病人用软毛牙刷刷牙,忌用牙签剔牙;<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>避免食用煎炸、带刺或含坚硬骨头的<span style="color: black;">食品</span>、带硬壳的坚果类食品以及质硬的<span style="color: black;">果蔬</span>(如<span style="color: black;">高粱</span>)等;<span style="color: black;">摄食</span>时要<span style="color: black;">细细咀嚼</span>,避免口腔黏膜的<span style="color: black;">损害</span>。牙龈渗血时,可用凝血酶或0.1%肾上腺素棉球、明胶海绵片贴敷牙龈或局部压迫止血,并<span style="color: black;">即时</span>用生理盐水或1%过氧化氢清除口腔内陈旧血块,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>口臭而影响病人的食欲和<span style="color: black;">心情</span>及可能继发的细菌感染。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(6)关节腔<span style="color: black;">流血</span>或深部组织血肿的预防与护理:详见本章第四节“<span style="color: black;">流血</span>性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>”的护理。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(7)内脏出血的护理:消化道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的护理详见第四章第十四节“上消化道<span style="color: black;">流血</span>”。<span style="color: black;">大姨妈</span>量<span style="color: black;">太多</span>者,可遵医嘱给予三合激素(苯甲酸雌二醇、黄体酮和丙酸睾酮)治疗。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(8)眼底及颅内<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的预防与护理:<span style="color: black;">保准</span>充足<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>,避免<span style="color: black;">心情</span>激动、剧烈咳嗽和屏气用力等;伴高热病人需<span style="color: black;">即时</span>而有效地降温;伴有高血压者需监测血压。若突发视野<span style="color: black;">缺失</span>或视力下降,常提示眼底<span style="color: black;">流血</span>。应<span style="color: black;">尽可能</span>让病人卧床<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>,减少活动,避免揉擦眼睛,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>加重<span style="color: black;">流血</span>。若病人<span style="color: black;">忽然</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>头痛、视力模糊、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>急促、喷射性呕吐<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">晕倒</span>,双侧瞳孔变形不等大、对光反射迟钝,则提示有颅内<span style="color: black;">流血</span>。颅内<span style="color: black;">流血</span>是血液病病人死亡的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>之一,一旦<span style="color: black;">出现</span>,应<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">通知</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span>,并积极<span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">救治</span>:①立即去枕平卧,头偏向<span style="color: black;">一边</span>;②随时吸出呕吐物,保持<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道通畅;③吸氧;④<span style="color: black;">快速</span><span style="color: black;">创立</span>2条静脉通道,遵医嘱快速静滴或静注20%甘露醇、50%葡萄糖注射液、地塞米松、呋塞米等,以降低颅内压,必要时进行输血或<span style="color: black;">成份</span>输血;⑤留置尿管;⑥观察并记录病人的生命体征、<span style="color: black;">认识</span>状态以及瞳孔、尿量的变化,做好重病交接班。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(9)<span style="color: black;">成份</span>输血或输注<span style="color: black;">血液</span>制品的护理:<span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>者,遵医嘱输注浓缩血小板悬液、<span style="color: black;">鲜嫩</span><span style="color: black;">血液</span>或血友病球蛋白浓缩剂等。输注前<span style="color: black;">必要</span>认真核对;血小板取回后,应尽快输入;<span style="color: black;">鲜嫩</span><span style="color: black;">血液</span>最好于采集后6小时内输完;抗血友病球蛋白浓缩剂用生理盐水稀释时,应沿瓶壁缓缓注入生理盐水,勿剧烈冲击或振荡,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span><span style="color: black;">泡泡</span>形成而影响注射。输注过程要<span style="color: black;">重视</span>观察病人有<span style="color: black;">没</span>输血反应,如溶血反应、过敏反应等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">2.恐惧</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)心理支持:加强沟通,耐心解释与疏导。要善于观察,耐心倾听,加强与病人及家属的沟通,<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span>病人及家属的需求与忧虑,并能给予必要的解释与疏导。如扼要解释<span style="color: black;">流血</span>的成因、<span style="color: black;">怎样</span>减轻或避免加重<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、<span style="color: black;">日前</span>治疗与护理的<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>及其<span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span>等,<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>要强调紧张与恐惧<span style="color: black;">有害</span>于<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>病情。还可<span style="color: black;">经过</span>介绍治疗效果较好的成功例子,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>病人战胜<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">自信心</span>,减轻恐惧感。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)<span style="color: black;">增多</span>安全感:在关心和同情病人的<span style="color: black;">同期</span>,<span style="color: black;">重视</span>营造良好的住院环境;<span style="color: black;">创立</span>良好、互信的护患关系,促进病友与家属间的相互支持与<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span>;尽可能避免不良刺激的影响。当病人<span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">忽然</span>加重时,护士应保持镇静,<span style="color: black;">快速</span><span style="color: black;">通告</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span>并<span style="color: black;">协同</span>做好止血等救治工作,<span style="color: black;">即时</span>清除血迹,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>对病人产生不良刺激。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【<span style="color: black;">评估</span>】</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.病人能<span style="color: black;">知道</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span>的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,避免<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span>诱因。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.各部位的<span style="color: black;">流血</span>能被<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>并得到处理,<span style="color: black;">流血</span><span style="color: black;">逐步</span>得到<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3.能认识自己的恐惧感,自述恐惧程度减轻或消除。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>发热</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">发热是血液病病人的<span style="color: black;">平常</span>症状之一,<span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>时间长、热型不<span style="color: black;">1、</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span>抗生素治疗效果<span style="color: black;">不睬</span>想的特点。<span style="color: black;">平常</span>于再生<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>性贫血、白血病和淋巴瘤等。感染好发于<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>道、泌尿道、口腔黏膜及肛周皮肤,可<span style="color: black;">引起</span>败血症而危及病人生命。其<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">原由</span>是白细胞减少和/或功能缺陷、免疫<span style="color: black;">控制</span>剂的应用以及贫血或营养不良等,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>机体抵抗力下降,从而继发<span style="color: black;">各样</span>感染。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,肿瘤细胞所产生的内源性致</span><span style="color: black;">热因子,如肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是血液恶性肿瘤病人</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">连续</span>发热的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>之一。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【护理<span style="color: black;">评定</span>】</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1.病史 <span style="color: black;">认识</span>病人发热<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的急缓、热度及其热型特点。有<span style="color: black;">没</span>感染的诱因,如过度疲劳、受凉、与感染性<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>病人的接触史(如感冒等),皮肤、黏膜<span style="color: black;">损害</span>,排便困难及<span style="color: black;">诱发</span>的肛裂,<span style="color: black;">各样</span>治疗与护理导管的留置(如导尿管、留置针或PICC)等;有<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">平常</span>感染灶<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的临床表现,如咽部不适或咽痛、牙痛、咳嗽、咳痰及痰液的性质、胸痛、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难、尿路刺激征、腹痛、腹泻、肛周<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>、局部皮肤红肿与<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>、女性病人外阴瘙痒及<span style="color: black;">反常</span>分泌物等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2.身体<span style="color: black;">评定</span> 观察病人的生命体征,尤其是体温;皮肤有<span style="color: black;">没</span>红肿、破损或溃烂,局部有<span style="color: black;">没</span>脓性分泌物;口腔黏膜有<span style="color: black;">没</span>溃疡,牙龈有<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span>、溢脓;咽和扁桃体有<span style="color: black;">没</span>充血、肿大及其脓性分泌物;肺部有<span style="color: black;">没</span>啰音;腹部及输尿管行程压痛点有<span style="color: black;">没</span>压痛,肾区有<span style="color: black;">没</span>叩痛;肛周皮肤有<span style="color: black;">没</span>红肿、触痛,局部有<span style="color: black;">没</span>波动感;女性病人<span style="color: black;">重视</span>观察外阴<span style="color: black;">状况</span>等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3.实验室及其他<span style="color: black;">检测</span>
血常规、尿常规及胸部X线<span style="color: black;">检测</span>有<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">反常</span>;血培养加<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">敏锐</span><span style="color: black;">实验</span>的结果;不同感染部位分泌物、渗出物或排泄物的细菌涂片或培养加药敏<span style="color: black;">实验</span>的结果等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【常用护理诊断/问题】</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">体温过高 与感染、肿瘤细胞释放内源性致热因子<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【<span style="color: black;">目的</span>】</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">病人体温能得到有效<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>,<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>降至正常范围。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【护理<span style="color: black;">办法</span>及依据】</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">体温过高</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>:病人应卧床<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>,采取舒适的体位,减少机体的消耗,必要时可吸氧。维持室温在20~24℃、湿度55%~60%,并经常通风换气。病人宜穿透气、棉质衣服,若有寒战应给予有效保暖。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>营养及水分:鼓励病人<span style="color: black;">摄食</span>高热量、高维生素、营养丰富的半流质<span style="color: black;">膳食</span>或软食,以<span style="color: black;">弥补</span>机体基本<span style="color: black;">必须</span>和因发热所<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的额外消耗。<span style="color: black;">指点</span>病人摄取足够的水分以防止脱水,<span style="color: black;">每日</span><span style="color: black;">最少</span>2000ml以上,必要时可遵医嘱静脉补液,维持水和电解质平衡。若为重症贫血、并发慢性心力衰竭的病人,则需限制液体摄入量并严格<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>输液速度,<span style="color: black;">以避免</span>诱发急性左心衰。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)降温:高热病人可先给予<span style="color: black;">理学</span>降温,如冰敷前额及大血管经过的部位(如颈部、腋窝和腹股沟);有<span style="color: black;">流血</span>倾向者禁用酒精或温水拭浴,以防局部血管扩张而进一步加重<span style="color: black;">流血</span>。必要时,遵医嘱给予<span style="color: black;">药品</span>降温。降温过程中,要密切监测病人体温与脉搏的变化及出汗<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,<span style="color: black;">即时</span>更换衣物,保持皮肤清洁、干燥,防受凉,并观察病人降温后的反应,避免<span style="color: black;">出现</span>虚脱。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(4)病情观察与诊治<span style="color: black;">协同</span>:<span style="color: black;">按时</span>监测体温并记录;<span style="color: black;">重视</span>观察感染灶的症状、体征及其变化<span style="color: black;">状况</span>;做好<span style="color: black;">各样</span>检验标本的采集及送检工作;遵医嘱正确配制和输注抗生素等<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,并<span style="color: black;">重视</span>其疗效与不良反应的观察和预防。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">【<span style="color: black;">评估</span>】</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">病人体温<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>降至正常范围。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span>骨、关节<span style="color: black;">病痛</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">平常</span>于恶性血液病,如白血病、多发性骨髓瘤和淋巴瘤等。<span style="color: black;">重点</span>与肿瘤细胞的过度增生或局部浸</span><span style="color: black;">润,<span style="color: black;">引起</span>骨髓腔压力<span style="color: black;">升高</span>、局部瘤块形成及压迫、骨质疏松或溶骨性破坏、病理性骨折等<span style="color: black;">相关</span>。可表现为局部或全身骨、关节<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>以及压痛或叩击痛;<span style="color: black;">出现</span>骨折者,局部还可<span style="color: black;">显现</span>畸形等临床表现。多发性骨髓瘤的病人多以骨痛为首发症状。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span>贫血</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">贫血(anemia)是血液病最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的症状之一。<span style="color: black;">平常</span>于缺铁性贫血、再生<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>性贫血、溶血性贫血及<span style="color: black;">各样</span>恶性血液病等。详见本章第三节“贫血”。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/AjJp6rJ0v9sS2ZdZ81u5icZpPGr3DZD7TeXC9JXTwQGY4ORAjvY5fTmponZ2e6wVtCRyDFEY59hPjIvb1cVdZiaw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(周薇)</span></p>
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