语言是一种交流工具,还是思考的媒介?
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">全文1893字,阅读约需6分钟,帮我划重点</span></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">01</span><span style="color: black;">神经<span style="color: black;">专家</span>在《自然》上<span style="color: black;">发布</span>论文,反驳语言<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">做为</span>思考媒介的观点,认为语言<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">做为</span>交流工具而演化的。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">02</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">科研</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,语言<span style="color: black;">拥有</span>重复<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的特点,易于产生和理解,这<span style="color: black;">显示</span>语言是以一种能够让信息传递尽可能<span style="color: black;">有效</span>的方式被优化的。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">03</span><span style="color: black;">尽管语言与思维之间存在直觉上的联系,但神经科学的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>并未<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>语言机制参与思考的证据。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">04</span><span style="color: black;">事实上,语言<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>并不总是<span style="color: black;">引起</span>思维问题,而智力<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>并不总是和语言<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>联系在<span style="color: black;">一块</span>,这进一步支持了语言<span style="color: black;">做为</span>交流工具的观点。</span></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">语言是人类的一个决定性特征。几个世纪<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,哲学家和<span style="color: black;">专家</span><span style="color: black;">始终</span>在思考语言的真正目的。显然,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">语言是一种有效的交流工具</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>用它分享信息、交换想法、交流感受,但会不会不止于此?还有一种著名的观点认为,语言还在思考和认知方面起着关键<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。换句话说,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">语言<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是思维的媒介</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>会用语言进行思考。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">近期</span>,几位神经<span style="color: black;">专家</span>在《自然》上<span style="color: black;">发帖</span>反驳了后一种观点,<span style="color: black;">她们</span>提出,语言<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是<span style="color: black;">做为</span>一种交流工具而演化的。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">尽管语言的<span style="color: black;">显现</span>无疑改变了人类文化,但它似乎不是<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>思维的先决<span style="color: black;">要求</span></span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">。<span style="color: black;">科研</span>讨论了<span style="color: black;">有些</span>语言的特性并<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,语言是为交流而优化的。<span style="color: black;">她们</span>认为,语言是传播文化知识的有力工具,似乎与<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的思维和推理能力<span style="color: black;">一起</span>演化,它的确反映了人类认知特有的<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>性,但这种<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>性并不<span style="color: black;">是由于</span>语言带来的。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">语言与思维</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">语言与思维之间的确存在着<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>直觉上的联系。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人可能都会感觉到一种“内心的声音”,似乎<span style="color: black;">能够</span>阐述自己的想法。<span style="color: black;">况且</span>,善于表达的人<span style="color: black;">常常</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>是思维清晰的人,这不无道理。<span style="color: black;">然则</span>,尽管这些联系或许非常令人信服,并<span style="color: black;">不可</span>证明<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>确实<span style="color: black;">运用</span>语言进行思考。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">几个世纪<span style="color: black;">败兴</span>,人们<span style="color: black;">始终</span>很难用科学的手段<span style="color: black;">评定</span>语言在促进思维方面的潜在<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。但现如今,神经<span style="color: black;">专家</span>和认知<span style="color: black;">专家</span>有了更先进的工具,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>对这种观点进行更严格的考量。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在过去20年间,神经科学的<span style="color: black;">科研</span>加深了<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>对脑在生成和理解语言过程的<span style="color: black;">认识</span>。神经<span style="color: black;">专家</span>利用功能性磁共振<span style="color: black;">影像</span></span><span style="color: black;">(fMRI)</span><span style="color: black;">技术,找到了<span style="color: black;">哪些</span>专门参与了阅读<span style="color: black;">或</span>听到语句和段落时的脑区,<span style="color: black;">靠谱</span>地识别出了语言处理网络。接着,<span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>在一个人执行其他任务</span><span style="color: black;">(比如<span style="color: black;">处理</span>数独,<span style="color: black;">或</span>推理其他人的想法)</span><span style="color: black;">时监测这些脑区。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">迄今为止,在几乎所有被测试过的项目中,</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">都</strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">无</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>语言机制参与的证据</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">。<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>说,当人们进行<span style="color: black;">各样</span>思考时,脑中的语言系统基本上是沉默的。这些机制并<span style="color: black;">无</span>真正参与思考。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">左图为语音神经生物学的经典模型。右图是基于<span style="color: black;">此刻</span>知识的语音神经生物学的新模型,其中初级听皮质可能为韦尼克区<span style="color: black;">供给</span>了输入信息,而布洛卡区可能输入信息进入感觉运动皮质。(图/Fedorenko et al,Nature)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">而<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>把这些机制移除,思维似乎<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>继续进行</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">。这与对<span style="color: black;">哪些</span>因受伤<span style="color: black;">或</span>中风而丧失语言处理能力的人的观察结果一致。病情严重的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可能完全<span style="color: black;">没法</span>处理语言词汇,但<span style="color: black;">她们</span><span style="color: black;">处理</span>数学问题、下棋<span style="color: black;">或</span>计划<span style="color: black;">将来</span>事件的能力却<span style="color: black;">并不会受到影响</span>。<span style="color: black;">她们</span>仍然<span style="color: black;">能够</span>进行受伤前能做的所有事情,只是<span style="color: black;">没法</span>将这些心理表征转换成一种能够与其他人谈论这些事情的<span style="color: black;">格式</span></span><span style="color: black;">。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>语言为<span style="color: black;">咱们</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>了用于推理的核心表征,<span style="color: black;">那样</span>破坏语言系统应该<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>思维问题,但事实并非如此。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">相反,</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">智力<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span><span style="color: black;">亦</span>并不总是和语言<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>联系在<span style="color: black;">一块</span></span></strong><span style="color: black;">。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>,智力<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>神经精神<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的思维和推理能力虽然受到了<span style="color: black;">必定</span>限制,但<span style="color: black;">她们</span>的基本语言功能不<span style="color: black;">必定</span>有问题。这似乎<span style="color: black;">亦</span>说明,就像语言不是思维的必要<span style="color: black;">要求</span><span style="color: black;">同样</span>,语言<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不足以产生清晰的思维。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">语言的优化</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员还借鉴了语言学分析的结果,<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>了语言<span style="color: black;">做为</span>交流工具的适用性。对<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">白话</span>和手语在内的数十种<span style="color: black;">区别</span>语言的分析<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,这些语言都<span style="color: black;">拥有</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>重复<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的特点,让它们易于产生和理解。</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">几乎所有特性都能证明,语言是以一种能够让信息传递尽可能<span style="color: black;">有效</span>的方式被优化的</span></strong></span><span style="color: black;">。这并不算一个新颖的观点,但随着语言学家分析了<span style="color: black;">更加多</span>语言的更大语料库,这种想法得以进一步确认。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在<span style="color: black;">各样</span>语言中,声音和词汇的组合方式<span style="color: black;">常常</span>既能减少说话者的工作量,又不会<span style="color: black;">引起</span>信息的混淆。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>,语言中的常用词<span style="color: black;">常常</span>比较短,而<span style="color: black;">道理</span>相互依赖的词<span style="color: black;">常常</span>在句子中离得比较近。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">还有一种<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的观点认为,语言中<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>存在的歧义是反对语言<span style="color: black;">做为</span>交流系统演化的论据之一。大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>词汇都有超过一种意思,<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>语句,尤其是长句,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>存在着多种可能的含义。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>在中文里,<span style="color: black;">咱们</span>在夏天里说“能穿多少穿多少”,和在寒冷的冬天说<span style="color: black;">同样</span>的话,传达的是截然相反的意思。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">现代语言学奠基人</span><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">诺姆·乔姆斯基</strong></span><span style="color: black;">(NoamChomsky)</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">始终</span><span style="color: black;">败兴</span>认为,<span style="color: black;">广泛</span>存在的歧义暗示着语言<span style="color: black;">重点</span>用于思考,而非交流,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>有歧义的信号显然会阻碍交流。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">但<span style="color: black;">科研</span>人员提出,</span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">即使从语言<span style="color: black;">做为</span>思考工具的<span style="color: black;">方向</span><span style="color: black;">来讲</span>,歧义<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">不该</span>该是意料之中的事情</span></strong><span style="color: black;">,<span style="color: black;">由于</span><span style="color: black;">咱们</span>的思想并<span style="color: black;">无</span>歧义。相反,歧义其实是语言<span style="color: black;">做为</span>交流目的的产物。<span style="color: black;">能够</span>用数学<span style="color: black;">办法</span>证明歧义在交流中非常有用,它不仅<span style="color: black;">能够</span>让说话者省略听话者<span style="color: black;">已然</span><span style="color: black;">晓得</span>的信息,还<span style="color: black;">能够</span>让人们重复<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">哪些</span>易于产生的简短形式。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>一种沟通系统不<span style="color: black;">准许</span>歧义<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,就需要大得多的词库和语法,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>要用很长的词和长句来表达相当简单的意思。人们曾尝试创造出完全消除歧义的构建语言,结果<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>它们相当<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>,几乎<span style="color: black;">没法</span>学习。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">所有这些特征似乎都<span style="color: black;">显示</span>,语言形式的优化都是让交流变得<span style="color: black;">更易</span>。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span>语言<span style="color: black;">重点</span>是一种内部思考的工具,这些特征似乎就无关紧要了。交流很可能才是语言的目的。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">#</span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">创作团队:</span></strong></span></p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">https://news.mit.edu/2024/what-is-language-for-0703</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07522-w</span></span></p>
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